Arria® 10 and Cyclone® 10 GX Avalon® Memory-Mapped (Avalon-MM) Interface for PCI Express* User Guide

ID 683724
Date 9/10/2024
Public
Document Table of Contents

A.3. Physical Layer

The Physical Layer is the lowest level of the PCI Express protocol stack. It is the layer closest to the serial link. It encodes and transmits packets across a link and accepts and decodes received packets. The Physical Layer connects to the link through a high‑speed SERDES interface running at 2.5 Gbps for Gen1 implementations, at 2.5 or 5.0 Gbps for Gen2 implementations, and at 2.5, 5.0 or 8.0 Gbps for Gen3 implementations.

The Physical Layer is responsible for the following actions:

  • Training the link
  • Scrambling/descrambling and 8B/10B encoding/decoding for 2.5 Gbps (Gen1), 5.0 Gbps (Gen2), or 128b/130b encoding/decoding of 8.0 Gbps (Gen3) per lane
  • Scrambling/descrambling and 8B/10B encoding/decoding for 2.5 Gbps (Gen1) and 5.0 Gbps (Gen2) per lane
  • Serializing and deserializing data
  • Equalization (Gen3)
  • Operating the PIPE 3.0 Interface
  • Implementing auto speed negotiation (Gen2 and Gen3)
  • Implementing auto speed negotiation (Gen2)
  • Transmitting and decoding the training sequence
  • Providing hardware autonomous speed control
  • Implementing auto lane reversal
Figure 69. Physical Layer Architecture

PHY Layer—The PHY layer includes the 8B/10B encode and decode functions for Gen1 and Gen2. The PHY also includes elastic buffering and serialization/deserialization functions.

The Physical Layer is subdivided by the PIPE Interface Specification into two layers (bracketed horizontally in above figure):

  • PHYMAC—The MAC layer includes the LTSSM and the scrambling/descrambling. byte reordering, and multilane deskew functions.
  • Media Access Controller (MAC) Layer—The MAC layer includes the LTSSM and the scrambling and descrambling and multilane deskew functions.
  • PHY Layer—The PHY layer includes the 8B/10B encode and decode functions for Gen1 and Gen2. It includes 128b/130b encode and decode functions for Gen3. The PHY also includes elastic buffering and serialization/deserialization functions.
  • PHY Layer—The PHY layer includes the 8B/10B encode and decode functions for Gen1 and Gen2. The PHY also includes elastic buffering and serialization/deserialization functions.
The Physical Layer integrates both digital and analog elements. Intel designed the PIPE interface to separate the PHYMAC from the PHY. The Intel Hard IP for PCI Express complies with the PIPE interface specification.
Note: The internal PIPE interface is visible for simulation. It is not available for debugging in hardware using a logic analyzer such as Signal Tap. If you try to connect Signal Tap to this interface the design fails compilation.
Figure 70. Physical Layer Architecture

The PHYMAC block comprises four main sub-blocks:

  • MAC Lane—Both the RX and the TX path use this block.
    • On the RX side, the block decodes the Physical Layer packet and reports to the LTSSM the type and number of TS1/TS2 ordered sets received.
    • On the TX side, the block multiplexes data from the DLL and the Ordered Set and SKP sub-block (LTSTX). It also adds lane specific information, including the lane number and the force PAD value when the LTSSM disables the lane during initialization.
  • LTSSM—This block implements the LTSSM and logic that tracks TX and RX training sequences on each lane.
  • For transmission, it interacts with each MAC lane sub-block and with the LTSTX sub-block by asserting both global and per-lane control bits to generate specific Physical Layer packets.
    • On the receive path, it receives the Physical Layer packets reported by each MAC lane sub-block. It also enables the multilane deskew block. This block reports the Physical Layer status to higher layers.
    • LTSTX (Ordered Set and SKP Generation)—This sub-block generates the Physical Layer packet. It receives control signals from the LTSSM block and generates Physical Layer packet for each lane. It generates the same Physical Layer Packet for all lanes and PAD symbols for the link or lane number in the corresponding TS1/TS2 fields. The block also handles the receiver detection operation to the PCS sub-layer by asserting predefined PIPE signals and waiting for the result. It also generates a SKP Ordered Set at every predefined timeslot and interacts with the TX alignment block to prevent the insertion of a SKP Ordered Set in the middle of packet.
    • Deskew—This sub-block performs the multilane deskew function and the RX alignment between the initialized lanes and the datapath. The multilane deskew implements an eight-word FIFO buffer for each lane to store symbols. Each symbol includes eight data bits, one disparity bit, and one control bit. The FIFO discards the FTS, COM, and SKP symbols and replaces PAD and IDL with D0.0 data. When all eight FIFOs contain data, a read can occur. When the multilane lane deskew block is first enabled, each FIFO begins writing after the first COM is detected. If all lanes have not detected a COM symbol after seven clock cycles, they are reset and the resynchronization process restarts, or else the RX alignment function recreates a 64-bit data word which is sent to the DLL.