DSP Builder for Intel® FPGAs (Advanced Blockset): Handbook

ID 683337
Date 6/20/2022
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15.4.20. CORDIC

The CORDIC block performs a coordinate rotation using the coordinate rotation digital computer algorithm.

The CORDIC algorithm is a simple and efficient algorithm that calculates:

  • Vector rotations
  • Trigonometric functions such as sine and cosine
  • Inverse trigonometric functions such as the arctangent
  • Vector magnitudes

The CORDIC block can calculate all these functions. However, it does not calculate hyperbolic functions, square roots, logarithms and exponentials.

Generally, the CORDIC block is faster than other approaches in the absence of hardware multipliers or when multipliers become a scarce resource in your design. For low precision designs, you can also consider implementations based on direct table lookups.

The CORDIC block takes four inputs x, y, p and v. The x and y inputs provide the cartesian coordinates (x, y) of an input vector. The p input provides an input angle. Input v allows run-time switching between the two modes of the CORDIC block. The block has three outputs denoted by the same x, y, and p.

The CORDIC algorithm converges to a result by performing a fixed number of iterations, where each iteration corresponds to a microrotation. If w represents the number of bits of the x and y inputs, and the block uses default type propagation, the number of iterations it performs is equal to w + 2. If the output type is Specify via dialog (refer to Table 180), the number of iterations equals the specified width. The CORDIC block implements the iterations in an unrolled fashion, allowing the block to provide a new valid output at every clock cycle.
Figure 103. Unrolled CORDIC ArchitectureThe figure shows the CORDIC architecture on the left and the two modes on the right

You can configure the CORDIC block at runtime to change between rotation and vector modes. Rotation mode allows rotating a vector defined by its cartesian coordinates by an angle provided in radians. By providing specific input vector coordinates, rotation mode also allows computing the sine and cosine of the input angle. The vector mode inputs a vector and rotates the vector until its y component is zero, and its x component is positive. The mode allows computing the arctangent of the input angle in radians and the magnitude of the input vector.

The generic CORDIC iterations are:

Equation 2. Generic Cordic Iterations

The computation of s[i] depends on the mode:

Rotation Mode

s[i] = +1 if p[i] ≥ 0, otherwise –1

Vector Mode

s[i] = +1 if y[i] < 0, otherwise –1

In rotation mode, active when input v is 0, the CORDIC rotates the input vector by a specified angle. The input vector is defined by its cartesian coordinates provided on the x and y inputs. You provide the angle by which this vector is rotated on input p. The angle must have a value in the interval. You read the output vector coordinates from the x and y outputs of the block. The block does not use output p in this mode. The output equations for this mode are:

Equation 3. Rotation Mode Output Equations

The equation also shows how you can obtain the sine and cosine of the input angle p.

Setting and gives:

Equation 4. Sine and Cosine Equations using the Rotation Mode of the CORDIC

In vector mode, active when the input v is 1, the CORDIC block rotates the input vector to the x-axis and records the angle required to make that rotation. The same as for rotation mode, you provide the input vector coordinates on the x and y inputs. Initialize the input p with the value 0. The output p contains the angle that the input vector v makes with the positive x-axis. This angle is in the interval .The first output x saves the magnitude of the input vector v.

Equation 5. Magnitude of Input Vector

The output equations of both the rotation and vector modes show that K(n) multiplies either the coordinates of the resulting output vector, or the magnitude of the vector. K(n) is a CORDIC-specific scale factor (also referred to as gain) that amplifies the outputs. You can statically compute the gain for a known number of iterations of the algorithm. You can compensate for the gain effects, external to the CORDIC block, by using a constant multiplication by 1/K(n).

You can calculate the gain K(n) incrementally as the product of individual gains per step. The step gain denoted by K i is :

Equation 6. Step Gain

where i represents the iteration index, starting from 0.

The total gain is the product of the step gains K i . Therefore, for n iterations of the CORDIC algorithm the gain is equal to:

The CORDIC gain is not automatically compensated in the CORDIC block. Using w as the width in bits of the x and y inputs (their widths and formats needs to match), the width of the x and y outputs is by default set to w+2, where the 2 additional bits are added in the MSB position. The additional bits allow accounting for the gain factor without overflow.

The p input is the angular value and has a range between and , which requires three integer bits to fully represent the range. The CORDIC block requires that the format of the signal feeding into the p input has exactly three integer bits, and that it is signed. Denoting by q the width in bits of the input p, the width of the output p is q+1. The additional bit is added in the MSB position. It allows for subtracting an angle provided on the input p from the computed arctangent of the input vector (when the block is in vectoring mode) without overflowing.

Table 180.  Parameters for the CORDIC Block
Parameter Description
Output data type mode Determines how the block sets its output data type:
  • Inherit via internal rule: the number of integer and fractional bits of outputs x and y is two bits wider than the inputs x and y to accommodate for the gain. Output type for port p is one bit wider than the input port p. The outputs x, y share the same number of fractional bits as the inputs x, y and the output p is one bit wider, but has the same alignment as input p.
  • Specify via dialog: you can set the output type of the block explicitly using additional fields that are available when this option is selected. When you select Specify via dialog, the number of iterations (stages) performed by the CORDIC block equals the specified output width (including the potential sign). The following scenarios or a combination of scenarios can occur:
    • LSB truncation. For example, if the internal rule output is fixdt(1, 19, 16) and you specify the output type fixdt(1, 17, 14), the 2 LSBs that are computed by the algorithm are discarded.
    • LSB extension: Example: if the internal rule output is fixdt(1, 19, 16) and you specify the output type fixdt(1, 20, 17), the LSB of the output is set to 0.
    • MSB truncation. Intel does not recommend this option, but you can also specify an output type which is narrower than the types produced by the default type propagation. In such a case a no-saturation bit selection is performed. Example: if the internal rule output is fixdt(1, 19, 16) and you specify the output type fixdt(1, 16, 16), then the 3 MSBs computed by the algorithm are dropped.
    • MSB extension. For example, if the internal rule output is fixdt(1, 19, 16) and you specify the output type fixdt(1, 20, 16), the MSB is populated via sign extension. Also, the sign extension occurs if your output type is set to fixdt(0, 20, 16). However, the type propagated on the signal on block exit is fixdt(0, 20, 16).
  • Boolean: unsupported – the block behavior when this mode is set is unspecified.
Output data type Specifies the output data type. For example, sfix(16), uint(8).
Output scaling value Specifies the output scaling value. For example, 2^-15.
Table 181.  Port Interface for the CORDIC Block
Signal Direction Type Description Vector Data Support Complex Data Support
x Input Signed fixed-point type x coordinate of the input vector. Yes Yes
y Input Signed fixed-point type y coordinate of the input vector. Yes Yes
p Input Signed type with three integer bits. Required angle of rotation in the range between –pi and +pi. Yes Yes
v Input Unsigned 1-bit wide integer or Boolean. Selects the mode of operation 0 = rotation mode, 1 = vector mode.. Yes Yes
x Output When the output data type mode is set to inherit via internal rule, the type of the output port x is the same as the input port x, with the same alignment but two additional bits to cope with the gain. x coordinate of the output vector. Yes Yes
y Output When the output data type mode is set to inherit via internal rule, the type of the output port x is the same as the input port x, with the same alignment but two additional bits to cope with the gain. y coordinate of the output vector. Yes Yes
p Output Same alignment as the input port p, with one additional MSB. In vector mode (v=1), it returns the angle of input vector defined by its cartesian coordinates x and y. The returned angle is in the interval [-pi, pi]. Yes Yes

Numeric Example

This complete numeric example for both modes of the CORDIC block uses this configuration:

  • Input data types for the x and y inputs are sfix8_en7 (corresponding to a w = 8-bit wide signed format having 7 fractional bits)
  • The input type for input p is sfix10_en7 (corresponding to a q=10-bit wide signed format having 7 fractional bits).
Figure 104. Input and Output Configuration for the Numeric Example

Whenever the example uses binary representation of values, it suffixes the values by _2 to distinguish them from base 10 values.

Rotation Mode Example

To depict the functioning of the block in rotation mode, set the inputs of the block to:

Table 182 shows the operation of the CORDIC block in rotation mode, in which the (x,y) vector is rotated by the angle p. The first column shows the iteration index. The CORDIC block inputs w=8-bit signals and performs 10 iterations internally. At each iteration, the signals x[i], y[i] and p[i] are updated based on the values x[i-1], y[i-1] and p[i-1] computed by the previous iteration.

For each iteration, the first row shows the equations for computing the values, for instance:

y[4] = y[3] + s[3]*2^(-3)x[3])

Whereas the second row shows the actual value computed, in both binary and decimal representation (001.1010010_2 (1.640625)). The binary representation uses the 2’s complement notation. The rightmost column shows the formula to compute the corresponding step-gain and the gain-step value, in decimal.

Table 182.   CORDIC Block Operating in Rotation Mode
Iter. x y p s k i
init. x[0]= 0.1100000_2 (0.75) y[0]= 0.1100000_2 [0.75] p[0]=0.1000011_2 [0.5234375] s[0]=+1
1 x[1]=x[0]-s[0](2^-0)y[0] y[1] = y[0] + s[0](2^-0)x[0] p[1] = p[0] - s[0]atan(2^-0) k 0 = sqrt(1 + 2-2×0)
000.0000000_2 (0.0) 001.1000000_2; (1.5) 111.1011110_2; (-0.265625) s[1]=-1 k 0 ≈ 1.4142
2 x[2] = x[1] - s[1]2^(-1)y[1] y[2]=y[1] + s[1]2^(-1)x[1] p[2] = p[1] - s[1]atan(2^-1) k 1 = sqrt(1 + 2-2×1)
000.1100000_2 (0.75) 001.1000000_2 (1.5) 000.0011001_2; (0.1953125) s[2]=+1 k 1 ≈ 1.11803
3 x[3] = x[2] - s[2]2^(-2)y[2] y[3] = y[2] + s[2]2^(-2)x[2] p[3] = p[2] - s[2]atan(2^-2) k 2 = sqrt(1 + 2-2×2)
000.0110000_2 (0.375) 001.1011000_2 (1.6875) 111.1111010_2;(-4.6875e-2) s[3]=-1 k 2 ≈ 1.030776
4 x[4] = x[3] - s[3]2^(-3)y[3] y[4] = y[3] + s[3]2^(-3)x[3] p[4] = p[3] - s[3]atan(2^-3) k 3 = sqrt(1 + 2-2×3)
000.1001011_2 (0.5859375) 001.1010010_2 (1.640625) 000.0001010_2 (7.8125e-2) s[4]=+1 k 3 ≈ 1.0077822
5 x[5] = x[4] - s[4]2^(-4)y[4] y[5] = y[4] + s[4]2^(-4)x[4] p[5] = p[4] - s[4]atan(2^-4) k 4 = sqrt(1 + 2-2×4)
000.0111110_2 (0.484375) 001.1010110_2 (1.671875) 000.0000010_2 (1.5625e-2) s[5]=+1 k 4 ≈ 1.001951
6 x[6] = x[5] - s[5]2^(-5)y[5] y[6] = y[5] + s[5]2^(-5)x[5] p[6] = p[5] - s[5]atan(2^-5) k 5 = sqrt(1 + 2-2×5)
000.0111000_2 (0.4375) 001.1010111_2 (1.6796875) 111.1111110_2 (-1.5625e-2) s[6]=-1 k 5 ≈ 1.000488
7 x[7] = x[6] - s[6]2^(-6)y[6] y[7] = y[6] + s[6]2^(-6)x[6] p[7] = p[6] - s[6]atan(2^-6) k 6 = sqrt(1 + 2-2×6)
000.0111011_2 (0.4609375) 1.1010111_2 (1.6796875) 000.0000000_2; (0.0) s[7]=+1 k 6 ≈ 1.000122
8 x[8] = x[7] - s[7]2^(-7)y[7] y[8] = y[7] + s[7]2^(-7)x[7] p[8] = p[7] - s[7]atan(2^-7) k 7 = sqrt(1 + 2-2×7)
000.0111010_2 (0.453125) 1.1010111_2 (1.6796875) 111.1111111_2; (-7.8125e-3) s[8]=-1 k 7 ≈ 1.000030
9 x[9] = x[8] - s[8]2^(-8)y[8] y[9] = y[8] + s[8]2^(-8)x[8] p[9] = p[8] - s[8]atan(2^-8) k 8 = sqrt(1 + 2-2×8)
000.0111010_2; (0.453125) 1.1010111_2 (1.6796875) 111.1111111_2; (-7.8125e-3) s[9]=-1 k 8 ≈ 1.000007
10 x[10] = x[9] - s[9]2^(-9)y[9] y[10] = y[9] + s[9]2^(-9)x[9] p[10] = p[9] - s[9]atan(2^-9) k 9 = sqrt(1 + 2-2×9)
000.0111010_2; (0.453125) 1.1010111_2 (1.6796875) 111.1111111_2; (-7.8125e-3) k 9 ≈ 1.000001

The CORDIC gain after 10 iterations is K(n)=K(w+2) = K(10)

Equation 7. CORDIC Gain After 10 Iterations

Accuracy of the Rotate Mode Example

The example achieves compensation for the gain by multiplying the output vector coordinate values by . Post compensation and after rounding to the 7-bit fraction, the output vector coordinates are:

The absolute error for each coordinate is:

The unit in the last place (ULP) of the output format is 2-7, which makes the 2-10 output error particularly small for this set of inputs.

Figure 105. Visualization of the Execution of the CORDIC Algorithm in Rotate Mode
  1. The input vector (x(0), y(0)) is rotated to (x(1), y(1)) by atan(1)=pi/4.
  2. The vector is rotated back by atan(1/2) to (x(2),y(2)).
  3. This vector is rotated forward by atan(1/4) to (x(3), y(3)).
  4. This vector is rotated back by atan(1/8) to (x(4), y(4)).

This process continues for ten iterations (for clarity the figure does not show all intermediary vectors). The figure shows in blue the resulting vector after ten iterations, (x(10), y(10)). It comes as a result of successive microrotations by angles corresponding to atan(2^(-i) ). The sign of the values in the “s” column in Table 182 gives the direction of each microrotation.

The figure also shows how the magnitude of the input vector increases with the iterations. The largest increase happens in the first three iterations (refer to the step gains K 0, K 1 and K 2 in Table 182).

Equation 8. Step Gains

Vector Mode Example

For this example, the inputs are:

Table 183.  Execution of the Ten Iterations
Iter. x y p s k i
Init x[0]=0.1100000_2 (0.75) 0.1100000_2 (0.75) p[0] = 000.0000000_2 (0.0) s[0]=-1
1 x[1] = x[0] - s[0](2^-0)y[0] y[1] = y[0] + s[0](2^-0)x[0] p[0] - s[0]atan(2^-0) k 0 = sqrt(1 + 2-2×0)
001.1000000_2; (1.5) 000.0000000_2; (0.0) 000.1100101_2 (+0.7890625) s[1]=-1 k 0 ≈ 1.4142
2 x[2] = x[1] - s[1](2^-1)y[1] y[2] = y[1] + s[1](2^-1)x[1] p[1] - s[1]atan(2^-1) k 1 = sqrt(1 + 2-2×1)
001.1000000_2; (1.5) 111.0100000_2; (-0.75) 001.0100000_2 (1.25) s[2]=+1 k 1 ≈ 1.11803
3 x[3] = x[2] - s[2](2^-2)y[2] y[3] = y[2] + s[2](2^-2)x[2 p[3] = p[2] - s[2]atan(2^-2 k 2 = sqrt(1 + 2-2×2)
001.1011000_2; (1.6875) 111.1010000_2; (-0.375) 001.0000001_2; (1.0078125) s[3]=+1 k 2 ≈ 1.030776
4 x[4] = x[3] - s[3](2^-3)y[3] y[4] = y[3] + s[3](2^-3)x[3] p[4] = p[3] - s[3]atan(2^-3) k 3 = sqrt(1 + 2-2×3)
001.1011110_2 (1.734375) 111.1101011_2 (-0.1640625) 000.1110001_2 (0.8828125) s[4]=+1 k 3 ≈ 1.0077822
5 x[5] = x[4] - s[4](2^-4)y[4] y[5] = y[4] + s[4](2^-4)x[4] p[5] = p[4] - s[4]atan(2^-4) k 4 = sqrt(1 + 2-2×4)
001.1100000_2 (1.75) 111.1111000_2 (-6.25e-2) 000.1101001_2 (0.8203125) s[5]=+1 k 4 ≈ 1.001951
6 x[6] = x[5] - s[5](2^-5)y[5] y[6] = y[5] + s[5](2^-5)x[5] p[6] = p[5] - s[5]atan(2^-5) k 5 = sqrt(1 + 2-2×5)
001.1100001_2 (1.7578125) 111.1111111_2 (-7.8125e-3) 000.1100101_2 (0.7890625) s[6]=+1 k 5 ≈ 1.000488
7 x[7] = x[6] - s[6](2^-6)y[6] y[7] = y[6] + s[6](2^-6)x[6] p[7] = p[6] - s[6]atan(2^-6) k 6 = sqrt(1 + 2-2×6)
001.1100010_2 (1.765625) 000.0000010_2 (1.5625e-2) 000.1100011_2 (0.7734375) s[7]=-1 k 6 ≈ 1.000122
8 x[8] = x[7] - s[7](2^-7)y[7] y[8] = y[7] + s[7](2^-7)x[7] p[8] = p[7] - s[7]atan(2^-7) k 7 = sqrt(1 + 2-2×7)
001.1100010_2 (1.765625) 000.0000001_2 (7.8125e-3) 000.1100100_2 (0.78125) s[8]=-1 k 7 ≈ 1.000030
9 x[9] = x[8] - s[8](2^-8)y[8] y[9] = y[8] + s[8](2^-8)x[8] p[9] = p[8] - s[8]atan(2^-8) k 8 = sqrt(1 + 2-2×8)
001.1100010_2 (1.765625) 000.0000001_2 (7.8125e-3) 000.1100100_2 (0.78125) s[9]=-1 k 8 ≈ 1.000007
10 x[10] = x[9] - s[9](2^-9)y[9] y[10] = y[9] + s[9](2^-9)x[9] p[10] = p[9] - s[9]atan(2^-9) k 9 = sqrt(1 + 2-2×9)
001.1100010_2 (1.765625) 000.0000001_2 (7.8125e-3) 000.1100100_2 (0.78125) k 9 ≈ 1.000001
Equation 9. CORDIC Gain After 10 Iterations

To obtain the magnitude of the input vector, divide the output on X[10] by K(10) to give:

When rounding to a 7-bit fraction format, the computed value, post scale factor compensation is:

The golden value corresponding to the vector magnitude is:

The absolute error on the vector magnitude is:

The vector magnitude error for this set of inputs is the same order of magnitude as the ULP value.

Compute the accuracy of the returned angle by subtracting it from the golden value, or pi/4:

Thus the relative error on the angle component for this set of inputs is roughly half ULP.