User Guide

Intel® VTune™ Profiler User Guide

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ID 766319
Date 12/16/2022
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Document Table of Contents
Document Table of Contents x
Intel® VTune™ Profiler User Guide
Intel® VTune™ Profiler User Guide x
Introduction Install Intel® VTune™ Profiler Open Intel® VTune™ Profiler Set Up Project Set Up Analysis Target Analyze Performance Intel® VTune™ Profiler Command Line Interface API Support Troubleshooting Reference Notices and Disclaimers
Introduction x
What's New in Intel® VTune™ Profiler Tuning Methodology Tutorials and Samples Notational Conventions Get Help Product Website and Support Related Information
Install Intel® VTune™ Profiler x
Sampling Drivers Set Up System for GPU Analysis Verify Intel® VTune™ Profiler Installation on a Linux* System Install VTune Profiler Server Security Best Practices
Set Up System for GPU Analysis x
Rebuild and Install the Kernel for GPU Analysis Rebuild and Install Module i915 for GPU Analysis on CentOS* Rebuild and Install Module i915 for GPU Analysis on Ubuntu*
Install VTune Profiler Server x
Set Up Transport Security Configure User Authentication/Authorization
Open Intel® VTune™ Profiler x
Get Started with Intel® VTune™ Profiler Intel® VTune™ Profiler Graphical User Interface Web Server Interface Microsoft Visual Studio* Integration Eclipse* and Intel System Studio IDE Integration Containerization Support macOS* Support
Containerization Support x
Run VTune Profiler in a Container Profile Container Targets from the Host
Set Up Project x
WHERE: Analysis System WHAT: Analysis Target HOW: Analysis Types Search Directories
WHERE: Analysis System x
Analysis System Options
WHAT: Analysis Target x
Analysis Target Options
Search Directories x
Search Order
Set Up Analysis Target x
Prepare Application for Analysis Windows* Targets Linux* Targets Embedded Linux* Targets FreeBSD* Targets QNX* Targets Managed Code Targets Android* Targets Intel® Xeon Phi™ Processor Targets Targets in Virtualized Environments Targets in a Cloud Environment Arbitrary Targets Embedded System Targets
Windows* Targets x
Install the Sampling Drivers for Windows* Targets Debug Information for Windows* Application Binaries Compiler Switches for Performance Analysis on Windows* Targets Debug Information for Windows* System Libraries Add Administrative Privileges
Linux* Targets x
Build and Install the Sampling Drivers for Linux* Targets Debug Information for Linux* Application Binaries Compiler Switches for Performance Analysis on Linux* Targets Avoid These Switches Compiling for the User-Mode Sampling and Tracing Analysis Enable Linux* Kernel Analysis Resolution of Symbol Names for Linux-Loadable Kernel Modules Analyze Statically Linked Binaries on Linux* Targets Set Up Remote Linux* Target
Set Up Remote Linux* Target x
Set Up Linux* System for Remote Analysis Configure SSH Access for Remote Collection Search Directories for Remote Linux* Targets Temporary Directory for Performance Results on Linux* Targets
Embedded Linux* Targets x
Configure Yocto Project* and VTune Profiler with the Integration Layer Configure Yocto Project*/Wind River* Linux* and Intel® VTune™ Profiler with the Intel System Studio Integration Layer Configure Yocto Project* and Intel® VTune™ Profiler with the Linux* Target Package
FreeBSD* Targets x
Set Up FreeBSD* System
Managed Code Targets x
.NET* Targets Windows Store Application Targets Go* Application Targets
Android* Targets x
Build and Install Sampling Drivers for Android* Targets Set Up Android* System Enable Java* Analysis on Android* System Prepare an Android* Application for Analysis Analyze Unplugged Devices Search Directories for Android* Targets
Targets in Virtualized Environments x
Profile Targets on a VMware* Guest System Profile Targets on a Parallels* Guest System Profile Targets on a KVM* Guest System Profile Targets on a Xen* Virtualization Platform Profile Targets in the Hyper-V* Environment
Profile Targets on a KVM* Guest System x
Profile KVM Kernel Modules from the Host Profile KVM Kernel and User Space on the KVM System Profile KVM Kernel and User Space from the Host
Analyze Performance x
User-Mode Sampling and Tracing Collection Hardware Event-based Sampling Collection Performance Snapshot Algorithm Group Microarchitecture Analysis Group Parallelism Analysis Group Input and Output Analysis Accelerators Analysis Group Platform Analysis Group Hybrid CPU Analysis Source Code Analysis Custom Analysis Energy Analysis Code Profiling Scenarios Control Data Collection Manage Data Views Manage Result Files
Hardware Event-based Sampling Collection x
Allow Multiple Runs or Multiplex Events Hardware Event-based Sampling Collection with Stacks
Algorithm Group x
Hotspots Analysis for CPU Usage Issues Anomaly Detection Analysis (preview) Memory Consumption Analysis
Hotspots Analysis for CPU Usage Issues x
Hotspots View
Anomaly Detection Analysis (preview) x
Anomaly Detection View
Memory Consumption Analysis x
Memory Consumption and Allocations View
Microarchitecture Analysis Group x
Microarchitecture Exploration Analysis for Hardware Issues Memory Access Analysis for Cache Misses and High Bandwidth Issues
Microarchitecture Exploration Analysis for Hardware Issues x
Microarchitecture Exploration View Microarchitecture Pipe
Memory Access Analysis for Cache Misses and High Bandwidth Issues x
Memory Usage View
Parallelism Analysis Group x
Threading Analysis HPC Performance Characterization Analysis
Threading Analysis x
Threading Efficiency View
HPC Performance Characterization Analysis x
HPC Performance Characterization View
Input and Output Analysis x
Analyze Platform Performance Analyze DPDK Applications Analyze SPDK Applications Analyze Linux Kernel I/O
Accelerators Analysis Group x
GPU Offload Analysis GPU Compute/Media Hotspots Analysis (Preview) CPU/FPGA Interaction Analysis
GPU Compute/Media Hotspots Analysis (Preview) x
GPU Compute/Media Hotspots View
CPU/FPGA Interaction Analysis x
CPU/FPGA Interaction View
Platform Analysis Group x
System Overview Analysis Platform Profiler Analysis
System Overview Analysis x
Analyze Interrupts Analyze Latency Issues
Platform Profiler Analysis x
Platform Profiler View
Custom Analysis x
Custom Analysis Options
Custom Analysis Options x
Highly Accurate CPU Time Data Collection Hardware Event List Linux* and Android* Kernel Analysis Sampling Interval Sample After Value
Hardware Event List x
Hardware Event Skid Instructions Retired Event Precise Events
Energy Analysis x
Run Energy Analysis View Energy Analysis Data with Intel® VTune™ Profiler Interpret Energy Analysis Data with Intel® VTune™ Profiler
Code Profiling Scenarios x
Java* Code Analysis Python* Code Analysis Intel® Threading Building Blocks Code Analysis MPI Code Analysis OpenSHMEM* Code Analysis with Fabric Profiler GPU Application Analysis on Intel® HD Graphics and Intel® Iris® Graphics Frame Data Analysis Task Analysis
GPU Application Analysis on Intel® HD Graphics and Intel® Iris® Graphics x
GPU OpenCL™ Application Analysis Intel® Media SDK Program Analysis
Control Data Collection x
Finalization Pause Data Collection Limit Data Collection Generate Command Line Configuration from GUI Minimize Collection Overhead Import External Data
Import External Data x
Use a Custom Collector Create a CSV File with External Data Import Linux Perf* Trace with VTune Profiler Metrics Examples of CSV Format and Imported Data
Manage Data Views x
Switch Viewpoints Control Window Synchronization View Stacks Manage Grid Views Manage Timeline View Change Threshold Values Choose Data Format Group and Filter Data View Data on Inline Functions Analyze Loops Stitch Stacks for Intel® oneAPI Threading Building Blocks or OpenMP* Analysis Search for Data
View Stacks x
Call Stack Mode Metrics Distribution Over Call Stacks
Manage Result Files x
VTune Profiler Filenames and Locations Import Results and Traces into VTune Profiler GUI Compare Results
Compare Results x
Compare Source Code View Comparison Data
View Comparison Data x
Comparison Summary Bottom-up Comparison Top-down Tree Comparison
Intel® VTune™ Profiler Command Line Interface x
vtune Command Syntax vtune Actions Run Command Line Analysis Work with Results from Command Line Generate Command Line Reports Command Line Usage Scenarios Command Line Interface Reference Report Problems from Command Line
Run Command Line Analysis x
performance-snapshot Command Line Analysis hotspots Command Line Analysis anomaly-detection Command Line Analysis threading Command Line Analysis memory-consumption Command Line Analysis hpc-performance Command Line Analysis uarch-exploration Command Line Analysis memory-access Command Line Analysis tsx-exploration Command Line Analysis tsx-hotspots Command Line Analysis sgx-hotspots Command Line Analysis gpu-hotspots Command Line Analysis gpu-offload Command Line Analysis graphics-rendering Command Line Analysis fpga-interaction Command Line Analysis io Command Line Analysis system-overview Command Line Analysis platform-profiler Command Line Analysis runsa/runss Custom Command Line Analysis Configure Analysis Options from Command Line
Configure Analysis Options from Command Line x
Collect System-Wide Data from Command Line Collect Data on Remote Linux* Systems from Command Line Configure GPU Analysis from Command Line Specify Search Directories from Command Line Specify Result Directory from Command Line Pause Collection from Command Line Manage Analysis Duration from Command Line Limit Data Collection from Command Line
Work with Results from Command Line x
View Command Line Results in the GUI Import Results from Command Line Re-finalize Results from Command Line
Generate Command Line Reports x
Summary Report Hotspots Report Hardware Events Report Callstacks Report Top-down Report gprof-cc Report Difference Report View Source Objects from Command Line Save and Format Command Line Reports Filter and Group Command Line Reports
Command Line Usage Scenarios x
Use VTune Profiler Server in Containers Android* Target Analysis from the Command Line OpenMP* Analysis from the Command Line Java* Code Analysis from the Command Line
Command Line Interface Reference x
Option Descriptions and General Rules allow-multiple-runs analyze-kvm-guest analyze-system app-working-dir call-stack-mode collect collect-with column command cpu-mask csv-delimiter cumulative-threshold-percent custom-collector data-limit discard-raw-data duration filter finalization-mode finalize format group-by help import inline-mode knob kvm-guest-kallsyms kvm-guest-modules limit loop-mode mrte-mode no-follow-child no-summary no-unplugged-mode quiet report report-knob report-output report-width result-dir resume-after return-app-exitcode ring-buffer search-dir show-as sort-asc sort-desc source-object source-search-dir stack-size start-paused strategy target-install-dir target-system target-tmp-dir target-duration-type target-pid target-process time-filter trace-mpi user-data-dir verbose version
API Support x
Instrumentation and Tracing Technology APIs JIT Profiling API System APIs Supported by Intel® VTune™ Profiler
Instrumentation and Tracing Technology APIs x
Basic Usage and Configuration Instrumentation and Tracing Technology API Reference
Basic Usage and Configuration x
Configure Your Build System Attach ITT APIs to a Launched Application Instrument Your Application Minimize ITT API Overhead View Instrumentation and Tracing Technology (ITT) API Task Data in Intel® VTune™ Profiler
Instrumentation and Tracing Technology API Reference x
Domain API String Handle API Collection Control API Thread Naming API Task API Frame API Histogram API User-Defined Synchronization API Event API Counter API Load Module API Memory Allocation APIs
JIT Profiling API x
Using JIT Profiling API JIT Profiling API Reference
JIT Profiling API Reference x
iJIT_NotifyEvent iJIT_IsProfilingActive iJIT_ GetNewMethodID
Troubleshooting x
Best Practices: Resolve Intel® VTune™ Profiler BSODs, Crashes, and Hangs in Windows* OS Error Message: Application Sets Its Own Handler for Signal Error Message: Cannot Enable Event-Based Sampling Collection Error Message: Cannot Collect GPU Hardware Metrics Error Message: Cannot Collect GPU Hardware Metrics for the Selected GPU Adapter Error Message: Cannot Load Data File Error Message: Cannot Locate Debugging Information Error Message: Cannot Open Data Error Message: Client Is Not Authorized to Connect to Server Error Message: Root Privileges Required for Processor Graphics Events Error Message: No Pre-built Driver Exists for This System Error Message: Not All OpenCL™ API Profiling Callbacks Are Received Error Message: Problem Accessing the Sampling Driver Error Message: Required Key Not Available Error Message: Scope of ptrace System Call Is Limited Error Message: Stack Size Is Too Small Error Message: Symbol File Is Not Found Problem: Analysis of the .NET* Application Fails Problem: Cannot Access VTune Profiler Documentation Problem: CPU time for Hotspots or Threading Analysis is Too Low Problem: 'Events= Sample After Value (SAV) * Samples' Is Not True If Multiple Runs Are Disabled Problem: Guessed Stack Frames Problem: GUI Hangs or Crashes Problem: Inaccurate Sum in the Grid Problem: Information Collected via ITT API Is Not Available When Attaching to a Process Problem: No GPU Utilization Data Is Collected Problem: Same Functions Are Compared As Different Instances Problem: Skipped Stack Frames Problem: Stack in the Top-Down Tree Window Is Incorrect Problem: Stacks in Call Stack and Bottom-Up Panes Are Different Problem: System Functions Appear in the User Functions Only Mode Problem: VTune Profiler is Slow to Respond When Collecting or Displaying Data Problem: VTune Profiler is Slow on X-Servers with SSH Connection Problem: Unexpected Paused Time Problem: {Unknown Timer} in the Platform Power Analysis Viewpoint Problem: Unknown Critical Error Due to Disabled Loopback Interface Problem: Unknown Frames Problem: Unreadable Text on macOS* Problem: Unsupported Microsoft* Windows* OS Warnings about Accurate CPU Time Collection
Reference x
User Interface Reference CPU Metrics Reference GPU Metrics Reference OpenCL™ Kernel Analysis Metrics Reference Energy Analysis Metrics Reference Intel Processor Events Reference
User Interface Reference x
Context Menu: Grid Context Menus: Call Stack Pane Context Menus: Project Navigator Context Menus: Source/Assembly Window Dialog Box: Binary/Symbol Search Dialog Box: Source Search Hot Keys Menu: Customize Grouping Menu: Intel VTune Profiler Pane: Call Stack Pane: Options - General Pane: Options - Result Location Pane: Options - Source/Assembly Project Navigator Pane: Timeline Toolbar: Configure Analysis Toolbar: Filter Toolbar: Source/Assembly Toolbar: Intel VTune Profiler Window: Bandwidth - Platform Power Analysis Window: Bottom-up Window: Caller/Callee Window: Cannot Find <file type> File Window: Collection Log Window: Compare Results Window: Configure Analysis Window: Core Wake-ups - Platform Power Analysis Window: Correlate Metrics - Platform Power Analysis Window: CPU C/P States - Platform Power Analysis Window: Debug Window: Event Count - Hardware Events Window: Flame Graph Window: Graphics - GPU Compute/Media Hotspots Window: Graphics C/P States - Platform Power Analysis Window: NC Device States - Platform Power Analysis Window: Platform Window: Platform Power Analysis Window: Sample Count - Hardware Events Window: SC Device States - Platform Power Analysis Window: Summary Window: System Sleep States - Platform Power Analysis Window: Temperature/Thermal Sample - Platform Power Analysis Window: Timer Resolution - Platform Power Analysis Window: Top-down Tree Window: Uncore Event Count - Hardware Events Window: Wakelocks - Platform Power Analysis
Window: Summary x
Window: Summary - Input and Output Summary Window: Summary - Microarchitecture Exploration Window: Summary - GPU Analysis Window: Summary - Hardware Events Window: Summary - Hotspots by CPU Utilization Window: Summary - HPC Performance Characterization Window: Summary - Memory Consumption Window: Summary - Memory Usage Window: Summary - Platform Power Analysis
GPU Metrics Reference x
Average Time Computing Threads Started Computing Threads Started, Threads/sec CPU Time EU 2 FPU Pipelines Active EU Array Active EU Array Idle EU Array Stalled/Idle EU Array Stalled EU IPC Rate EU Send pipeline active EU Threads Occupancy Global GPU EU Array Usage GPU L3 Bound GPU L3 Miss Ratio GPU L3 Misses GPU L3 Misses, Misses/sec GPU Memory Read Bandwidth, GB/sec GPU Memory Texture Read Bandwidth, GB/sec GPU Memory Write Bandwidth, GB/sec GPU Texel Quads Count, Count/sec GPU Utilization Instance Count L3 Sampler Bandwidth, GB/sec L3 Shader Bandwidth, GB/sec LLC Miss Rate due GPU Lookups LLC Miss Ratio due GPU Lookups Local Maximum GPU Utilization Occupancy PS EU Active % PS EU Stall % Ratio to Max Bandwidth, % Ratio to Max Bandwidth, % Ratio to Max Bandwidth, % Render/GPGPU Command Streamer Loaded Samples Blended Samples Killed in PS, pixels Samples Written Sampler Busy Sampler Is Bottleneck Shared Local Memory Read Bandwidth, GB/sec Shared Local Memory Write Bandwidth, GB/sec SIMD Width Size Total, GB/sec Total Time Typed Memory Read Bandwidth, GB/sec Typed Memory Write Bandwidth, GB/sec Typed Reads Coalescence Typed Writes Coalescence Untyped Memory Read Bandwidth, GB/sec Untyped Memory Write Bandwidth, GB/sec Untyped Reads Coalescence Untyped Writes Coalescence VS EU Active VS EU Stall
OpenCL™ Kernel Analysis Metrics Reference x
Computing Task Total Time Instance Count SIMD Width SIMD Utilization Work Size
Energy Analysis Metrics Reference x
Available Core Time C-State D0ix States DRAM Self Refresh Energy Consumed (mJ) Idle Wake-ups P-State S0ix States Temperature Timer Resolution Total Time in C0 State Total Time in Non-C0 States Total Time in S0 State Total Wake-up Count Wake-ups Wake-ups/sec per Core
Intel® VTune™ Profiler User Guide

Compiler Switches for Performance Analysis on Linux* Targets

Intel® VTune™ Profiler can analyze most native binaries on Linux target systems. However, the settings below are recommended to make the performance analysis more productive and easier:

Use This Switch

To Do This

-g (highly recommended)

Enable generating the symbol information required to associate addresses with source lines and to properly walk the call stack in user-mode sampling and tracing collection types (Hotspots and Threading).

Release build or -O2 (highly recommended)

Enable maximum compiler optimization to focus the VTune Profiler on real performance problems that cannot be optimized with the compiler.

-shared-intel (Intel® C++ Compiler)

-shared-libgcc (GCC* Compiler)

Enable identifying the libm and C runtime calls as system functions and differentiating them from the user code when a proper filter mode is applied to the VTune Profiler collection result.

-debug inline-debug-info

(Intel C++ Compiler)

Enable the VTune Profiler to identify inline functions and, according to the selectedinline mode, associate the symbols for an inline function with the inline function itself or its caller. This is the default mode for GCC* 4.1 and higher.

NOTE:
The debug inline-debug-info option is enabled by default for the Intel® oneAPI DPC++/C++ Compiler if you compile with optimizations (-O2 or higher) and debug information (-g option).

-D TBB_USE_THREADING_TOOLS

Enable Intel® oneAPI Threading Building Blocks Analysis (oneTBB) for the VTune Profiler. This macro is automatically set if you compile with -D_DEBUG or -DTBB_USE_DEBUG.

Without TBB_USE_THREADING_TOOLS set, the VTune Profiler will not properly identify concurrency issues related to using oneTBB constructs.

-qopenmp (highly recommended)

(Intel C++ Compiler)

Enable the VTune Profiler to identify parallel regions due to OpenMP* pragmas.

-qopenmp-link dynamic

(Intel C++ Compiler)

Enable the Intel Compiler to choose the dynamic version of the OpenMP runtime libraries which has been instrumented for the VTune Profiler. Usually, this option is enabled for the Intel Compiler by default.

-parallel-source-info=2

(Intel C++ Compiler)

Enable/disable source location emission when OpenMP or auto-parallelism code is generated. 2 is the level of source location emission that tells the compiler to emit path, file, routine name, and line information.

--info-for-profiling

Intel oneAPI DPC++ Compiler

Intel Fortran Compiler

Enable generating debug information for GPU analysis of a SYCL application.

Generate debug information for OpenMP* Offload applications compiled by Intel Fortran compiler

-Xsprofile

Intel oneAPI DPC++ Compiler

Enable source-level mapping of performance data for FPGA application analysis.

Avoid These Switches

The following compiler settings are NOT recommended:

Do Not Use This Switch

Because Of This

Debug build or -O0

Changes the performance of your application compared to a release build and may dramatically impact the performance profiling potentially causing you to analyze and attempt optimization on a section of code that is not a performance problem in the release build.

-static

-static-libgcc

Prevents the VTune Profiler from being able to run the user-mode sampling and tracing analysis types. See below for more details.

NOTE:

When you specify the -fast switch with the Intel Compiler, it automatically enables -static.

-static-intel

Prevents the user-mode sampling and tracing analysis types from distinguishing system functions properly. This is the default option for the Intel Compiler.

-qopenmp-link static

Chooses the static version of the OpenMP runtime libraries for the Intel Compiler. This version of the OpenMP runtime library does not contain the instrumentation data required for the VTune Profiler analysis.

-qopenmp_stubs

Prevents OpenMP code from being parallel.

-msse4a, -m3dnow

Generates binaries that use instructions not supported by Intel processors, which may cause unknown behavior when profiling with the VTune Profiler.

-debug [parallel | extended | emit-column | expr-source-pos | semantic-stepping | variable-locations]

VTune Profiler works best with -debug full (the default mode when using -g). Other options including parallel, extended, emit-column, expr-source-pos, semantic-stepping, and variable-locations are not supported by the VTune Profiler. See -debug inline-debug-info for more information.

-coarray

Prevents the Threading analysis from identifying properly the locks that disable scaling in Coarray Fortran.

Compiling for the User-Mode Sampling and Tracing Analysis

For successful user-mode sampling and tracing analysis (Hotspots and Threading) of your executable and all shared libraries, use the following switches to properly walk through the call stack:

  • Use -g to generate the symbol information and enable the source code analysis.

  • Use -fno-omit-frame-pointer to enable the frame pointers analysis.

    NOTE:

    There are other options that may add frame pointers to your binary as a side effect, for example: -fexceptions (default for C++) or -O0. To make sure the executable (and shared libraries) have this information, use the objdump -h <binary> command and make sure you see the .eh_frame_hdr section there.

User-mode sampling and tracing analysis types work better with dynamic versions of the following libraries:

Library

Dynamic Version (Recommended)

Static Version (Not Recommended)

OpenMP Runtime (supplied by the Intel Compiler)

libiomp5.so or libguide40.so

libiomp5.a or libguide4.a

Posix Thread

libpthread.so

libpthread.a

C Runtime

libc.so

libc.a

C++ Runtime

libstdc++.so

libstdc++.a

Intel Libm

libm.so

libm.a

User-mode sampling and tracing collection has the following limitations for analyzing statically linked libraries/functions:

  • The static version of the OpenMP runtime library supplied by the Intel Compiler does not provide the necessary instrumentation for the Threading analysis type.

  • Call Stack mode cannot properly distinguish user code from system functions.

  • User-mode sampling and tracing collection cannot execute unless various C Runtime functions are exported. There are multiple ways to do this; for example, use the -u command of the GCC compiler:

    • -u malloc

    • -u free

    • -u realloc

    • -u getenv

    • -u setenv

    • -u __errno_location

If your application creates Posix threads (either explicitly or via the static OpenMP library or some other static library), you need to explicitly define the following additional functions:

  • -u pthread_key_create

  • -u pthread_key_delete

  • -u pthread_setspecific

  • -u pthread_getspecific

  • -u pthread_spin_init

  • -u pthread_spin_destroy

  • -u pthread_spin_lock

  • -u pthread_spin_trylock

  • -u pthread_spin_unlock

  • -u pthread_mutex_init

  • -u pthread_mutex_destroy

  • -u pthread_mutex_trylock

  • -u pthread_mutex_lock

  • -u pthread_mutex_unlock

  • -u pthread_cond_init

  • -u pthread_cond_destroy

  • -u pthread_cond_signal

  • -u pthread_cond_wait

  • -u _pthread_cleanup_push

  • -u _pthread_cleanup_pop

  • -u pthread_setcancelstate

  • -u pthread_self

  • -u pthread_yield

The easiest way to do this is by creating a file with the above options and passing it to gcc or ld. For example: 

gcc -static mysource.cpp @Cdefs @Pdefs

where Cdefs is a file with options for the required C functions and Pdefs is a file with the options for the required POSIX functions.

Product and Performance Information

Performance varies by use, configuration and other factors. Learn more at www.Intel.com/PerformanceIndex.

Notice revision #20201201

Parent topic: Linux* Targets

See Also

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