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6.2.3.7. Data, Data Strobes, DM/DBI, and Optional ECC Signals
DQ pins in DDR4 SDRAM interfaces can operate in either ×4 or ×8 mode DQS groups, depending on your chosen memory device or DIMM, regardless of interface width. The ×4 and ×8 configurations use one pair of bidirectional data strobe signals, DQS and DQSn, to capture input data. However, two pairs of data strobes, UDQS and UDQS# (upper byte) and LDQS and LDQS# (lower byte), are required by ×16 configurations. A group of DQ pins must remain associated with its respective DQS and DQSn pins.
The DQ signals are edge-aligned with the DQS signal during a read from the memory and are center-aligned with the DQS signal during a write to the memory. The memory controller shifts the DQ signals by –90 degrees during a write operation to center align the DQ and DQS signals. The PHY IP delays the DQS signal during a read, so that the DQ and DQS signals are center aligned at the capture register. Intel® devices use a phase-locked loop (PLL) to center-align the DQS signal with respect to the DQ signals during writes and use dedicated DQS phase-shift circuitry to shift the incoming DQS signal during reads. The following figure shows an example where the DQS signal is shifted by 90 degrees for a read from the SDRAM.
The following figure shows an example of the relationship between the data and data strobe during a burst-of-four write.
The memory device's setup (tDS) and hold times (tDH) for the DQ and DM pins during writes are relative to the edges of DQS write signals and not the CK or CK# clock. Setup and hold requirements are not necessarily balanced.
The DQS signal is generated on the positive edge of the system clock to meet the tDQSS requirement. DQ and DM signals use a clock shifted –90 degrees from the system clock, so that the DQS edges are centered on the DQ or DM signals when they arrive at the SDRAM. The DQS, DQ, and DM board trace lengths need to be tightly matched (within 20 ps).
The SDRAM uses the DM pins during a write operation. Driving the DM pins low shows that the write is valid. The memory masks the DQ signals if the DM pins are driven high. To generate the DM signal, Intel® recommends that you use the spare DQ pin within the same DQS group as the respective data, to minimize skew.
The DM signal's timing requirements at the SDRAM input are identical to those for DQ data. The DDR registers, clocked by the –90 degree shifted clock, create the DM signals.
DDR4 supports DM similarly to other SDRAM, except that in DDR4 DM is active LOW and bidirectional, because it supports Data Bus Inversion (DBI) through the same pin. DM is multiplexed with DBI by a Mode Register setting whereby only one function can be enabled at a time. DBI is an input/output identifying whether to store/output the true or inverted data. When enabled, if DBI is LOW, during a write operation the data is inverted and stored inside the DDR4 SDRAM; during a read operation, the data is inverted and output. The data is not inverted if DBI is HIGH. For Agilex™ 5 interfaces, the DM/DBI pins do not need to be paired with a DQ pin.
Some SDRAM modules support error correction coding (ECC) to allow the controller to detect and automatically correct error in data transmission. The 72-bit SDRAM modules contain eight extra data pins in addition to 64 data pins. The eight extra ECC pins should be connected to a single DQS or DQ group on the FPGA.