Developer Guide

FPGA Optimization Guide for Intel® oneAPI Toolkits

ID 767853
Date 7/13/2023
Public

A newer version of this document is available. Customers should click here to go to the newest version.

Document Table of Contents

Load-Store Unit Modifiers

Depending on the memory access pattern in your kernel, the compiler modifies some LSUs.

Cached

Burst-coalesced LSUs might sometimes include a cache. A cache is created when the memory access pattern is data-dependent or appears to be repetitive. The cache cannot be shared with other loads even if the loads want the same data. The cache is flushed on kernel start and consumes more hardware resources than an equivalent LSU without a cache. The cache is inferred only for non-volatile global pointers.

Write-Acknowledge (write-ack)

Burst-coalesced store LSUs sometimes require a write-acknowledgment signal when data dependencies exist. LSUs with a write-acknowledge signal require additional hardware resources. Throughput might be reduced if multiple write-acknowledge LSUs access the same memory.

Nonaligned

When a burst-coalesced LSU can access memory that is not aligned to the external memory word size, a nonaligned LSU is created. Additional hardware resources are required to implement a nonaligned LSU. The throughput of a nonaligned LSU might be reduced if it receives many unaligned requests.

Never-stall

If a pipelined LSU is connected to a local memory without arbitration, a never-stall LSU is created because all accesses to the memory take a fixed number of cycles that are known to the compiler.