Developer Guide and Reference for Intel® Integrated Performance Primitives Cryptography
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Mitigation for Frequency Throttling Side-Channel Attack
More information about the attack can be found in Frequency Throttling Side Channel Software Guidance for Cryptography Implementations and in the published paper: Chen Liu, Abhishek Chakraborty, Nikhil Chawla, Neer Roggel. 2022. Frequency Throttling Side-Channel Attack. https://arxiv.org/pdf/2206.07012.pdf
The Intel® Integrated Performance Primitives Cryptography (Intel® IPP Cryptography) mitigation was implemented for AES Encryption and Decryption in ECB (ippsAESDecryptECB, ippsAESEncryptECB) and GCM (ippsAES_GCMDecrypt, ippsAES_GCMEncrypt) modes, and for AES CMAC (ippsAES_CMACUpdate) mode. Developed mitigation is based on random noise injections for every fixed amount of processing data. There are three new APIs that should be used to enable the mitigation for AES. The main difference between these APIs is that they work with different types of AES context - IppsAESSpec, IppsAES_GCMState, IppsAES_CMACState.
The general usage flow is GetSize -> Init -> SetupNoise -> Processing. For example:
AES ECB mode:
ippsAESGetSize()
ippsAESInit()
ippsAESSetupNoise()
ippsAESEncryptECB() / ippsAESDecryptECB()
AES GCM mode:
ippsAES_GCMGetSize()
ippsAES_GCMInit()
ippsAES_GCMSetupNoise()
AES CMAC mode:
ippsAES_CMACGetSize()
ippsAES_CMACInit()
ippsAES_CMACSetupNoise()
Mitigation can be enabled only explicitly by calling the corresponding SetupNoise function with a non-zero parameter noiseLevel (amount of noise injected).
The necessary level of noise depends on many factors, such as processor, code implementation, power limit setting by the attacker, etc. So during the development, a relatively safe default noise value was selected as the minimum; it covers most of the system’s configurations. The level varying by SetupNoise APIs just increases this pre-defined level. Since these APIs already guarantee a good level of security, any of the supported levels(1-4) can be used, and the choice may be made based on the accepted performance gap.
Accordingly, to disable mitigation in the flow, the SetupNoise function should be called with noiseLevel equal to 0.
Calling ippsAESInit, ippsAES_GCMInit, ippsAES_CMACInit functions also reset mitigation parameters stored in the context, it also can be used to disable mitigation if it is enabled earlier. Mitigation is available when Intel® AES New Instructions (Intel® AES-NI) or Vector AES Instructions (VAES) instructions present on the current CPU.