Multiplying Matrices Using dgemm
Intel MKL provides several routines for multiplying matrices. The most widely used is the
routine, which calculates the product of double precision matrices:
dgemm

The
routine can perform several calculations. For example, you can perform this operation with the transpose or conjugate transpose of
routine and all of its arguments can be found in the
topic in the
dgemm
A
and
B
. The complete details of capabilities of the
dgemm
?gemm
Intel Math Kernel Library Developer Reference
.
Use dgemm to Multiply Matrices
This exercise demonstrates declaring variables, storing matrix values in the arrays, and calling
to compute the product of the matrices. The arrays are used to store these matrices:
dgemm

The one-dimensional arrays in the exercises store the matrices by placing the elements of each column in successive cells of the arrays.
The Fortran source code for the exercises in this tutorial
can be downloaded from
https://software.intel.com/en-us/product-code-samples
.
Although Intel MKL supports Fortran 90 and later, the exercises in this tutorial use FORTRAN 77 for compatibility with as many versions of Fortran as possible.
* Fortran source code is found in dgemm_example.f PROGRAM MAIN IMPLICIT NONE DOUBLE PRECISION ALPHA, BETA INTEGER M, K, N, I, J PARAMETER (M=2000, K=200, N=1000) DOUBLE PRECISION A(M,K), B(K,N), C(M,N) PRINT *, "This example computes real matrix C=alpha*A*B+beta*C" PRINT *, "using Intel(R) MKL function dgemm, where A, B, and C" PRINT *, "are matrices and alpha and beta are double precision " PRINT *, "scalars" PRINT *, "" PRINT *, "Initializing data for matrix multiplication C=A*B for " PRINT 10, " matrix A(",M," x",K, ") and matrix B(", K," x", N, ")" 10 FORMAT(a,I5,a,I5,a,I5,a,I5,a) PRINT *, "" ALPHA = 1.0 BETA = 0.0 PRINT *, "Intializing matrix data" PRINT *, "" DO I = 1, M DO J = 1, K A(I,J) = (I-1) * K + J END DO END DO DO I = 1, K DO J = 1, N B(I,J) = -((I-1) * N + J) END DO END DO DO I = 1, M DO J = 1, N C(I,J) = 0.0 END DO END DO PRINT *, "Computing matrix product using Intel(R) MKL DGEMM " PRINT *, "subroutine" CALL DGEMM('N','N',M,N,K,ALPHA,A,M,B,K,BETA,C,M) PRINT *, "Computations completed." PRINT *, "" PRINT *, "Top left corner of matrix A:" PRINT 20, ((A(I,J), J = 1,MIN(K,6)), I = 1,MIN(M,6)) PRINT *, "" PRINT *, "Top left corner of matrix B:" PRINT 20, ((B(I,J),J = 1,MIN(N,6)), I = 1,MIN(K,6)) PRINT *, "" 20 FORMAT(6(F12.0,1x)) PRINT *, "Top left corner of matrix C:" PRINT 30, ((C(I,J), J = 1,MIN(N,6)), I = 1,MIN(M,6)) PRINT *, "" 30 FORMAT(6(ES12.4,1x)) PRINT *, "Example completed." STOP END
This exercise illustrates how to call the
routine. An actual application would make use of the result of the matrix multiplication.
dgemm
This call to the
dgemm
routine multiplies the matrices:
CALL DGEMM('N','N',M,N,K,ALPHA,A,M,B,K,BETA,C,M)
The arguments provide options for how Intel MKL performs the operation. In this case:
- 'N'
- Characterindicating that the matricesAandBshould not be transposed or conjugate transposed before multiplication.
- M, N, K
- Integers indicating the size of the matrices:
- A:Mrows byKcolumns
- B:Krows byNcolumns
- C:Mrows byNcolumns
- ALPHA
- Real value used to scale the product of matricesAandB.
- A
- Array used to store matrixA.
- M
- Leading dimension of arrayA, or the number of elements between successivecolumns (for column major storage)in memory. In the case of this exercise the leading dimension is the same as the number ofrows.
- B
- Array used to store matrixB.
- K
- Leading dimension of arrayB, or the number of elements between successivecolumns (for column major storage)in memory. In the case of this exercise the leading dimension is the same as the number ofrows.
- BETA
- Real value used to scale matrixC.
- C
- Array used to store matrixC.
- M
- Leading dimension of arrayC, or the number of elements between successivecolumns (for column major storage)in memory. In the case of this exercise the leading dimension is the same as the number ofrows.
Compile and Link Your Code
Intel MKL provides many options for creating code for multiple processors and operating systems, compatible with different compilers and third-party libraries, and with different interfaces. To compile and link the exercises in this tutorial with Intel® Parallel Studio XE Composer Edition, type
- Windows* OS:ifort /Qmkl src\dgemm_example.f
- Linux* OS, macOS*:ifort -mkl src/dgemm_example.f
Alternatively, you can use the supplied build scripts to build and run the executables.
- Windows* OS:build build run_dgemm_example
- Linux* OS, macOS*:make make run_dgemm_example
For the executables in this tutorial, the build scripts are named:
Example
| Executable
|
---|---|
dgemm_example .f | run_dgemm_example |
dgemm_with_timing .f | run_dgemm_with_timing |
matrix_multiplication .f | run_matrix_multiplication |
dgemm_threading_effect_example .f | run_dgemm_threading_effect_example |
This assumes that you have installed Intel MKL and set environment variables as described in
https://software.intel.com/en-us/articles/intel-math-kernel-library-intel-mkl-2019-getting-started.
For other compilers, use the Intel MKL Link Line Advisor to generate a command line to compile and link the exercises in this tutorial:
http://software.intel.com/en-us/articles/intel-mkl-link-line-advisor/.
After compiling and linking, execute the resulting executable file, named
dgemm_example.exe
on Windows* OS or
a.out
on Linux* OS and macOS*.
Optimization Notice
|
---|
Intel's compilers may or may not optimize to the same degree
for non-Intel microprocessors for optimizations that are not unique to Intel
microprocessors. These optimizations include SSE2, SSE3, and SSSE3 instruction
sets and other optimizations. Intel does not guarantee the availability,
functionality, or effectiveness of any optimization on microprocessors not
manufactured by Intel. Microprocessor-dependent optimizations in this product
are intended for use with Intel microprocessors. Certain optimizations not
specific to Intel microarchitecture are reserved for Intel microprocessors.
Please refer to the applicable product User and Reference Guides for more
information regarding the specific instruction sets covered by this notice.
Notice revision #20110804
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