# Accelerating Secure Compute for the FATE Framework

Published: 03/01/2022

"Federated learning open-source framework is designed to help users build federated modeling solutions more efficiently and quickly, to create better performing AI models, using rich multi-source data. The modular exponentiation operation of partial homomorphic encryption in our FATE (Federated AI Technology Enabler) framework has been enhanced significantly through the introduction of the multi-buffer function provided by Intel® IPP- Cryptography library, helping improve the overall efficiency of user scenarios as well as reducing TCO."
Qian Xu, Vice General Manager of AI Department, WeBank*

Large-scale high-quality data sourced from different providers have been proven to effectively enhance the application efficiency of Artificial Intelligence (AI). However, for data security and privacy protection considerations, the shared modeling of multisource data requires more efficient and safer privacy computing solutions. To this end, WeBank, which has been focusing on exploring and promoting federated learning, uses the leading Federated AI Technology Enabler (FATE) open source platform to help users quickly build federated learning solutions.

Homomorphic encryption (HE) is a commonly used privacy technology in federated learning. HE enables computation directly on the encrypted data, without use of a secret key. HE thereby ensures data security, though at a significant computational overhead compared to unencrypted computation. In order to improve the computational efficiency of the solution, WeBank partnered with Intel to accelerate the modular exponentiation operation of Partial Homomorphic Encryption (PHE) by using the multi-buffer functions provided by Intel® Integrated Performance Primitives Cryptography (Intel® IPP- Cryptography) library, which is enabled for the 1-socket and 2-socket server-oriented 3rd Generation Intel® Xeon® Scalable Processors, with the Integer Fused Multiply-Add (IFMA) instruction set newly added by Intel® Advanced Vector Extensions 512 (Intel® AVX-512) at its core. This significantly improved the overall operating efficiency of federated learning solutions based on the FATE framework. So far, this optimization solution has been successfully tested and verified, and is planned for rollout to users. This will help users improve the efficiency of federated learning solutions, while effectively reducing the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO).

## WeBank Provides a Premium Federated Learning Open Source Framework

With algorithms becoming increasingly sophisticated and computing power continuing to increase, a growing number of commercial AI applications have gained momentum in various industries. For example, in the financial industry, some banks are managing credit risks through AI-based intelligent risk control models to reduce the rate of their non-performing loans. However, this requires the support of abundant and richly sourced data for such AI applications to yield better efficiency.

Multisource data collaboration and sharing are by no means easy. On the one hand, when it comes to business sensitive information, most organizations are very cautious when it comes to data sharing. Even for different departments in the same organization, information transfer requires multiple levels of approval. On the other hand, data security and privacy protection have drawn increased public attention. This brings ever increasing scrutiny to data security issues during the interaction, transfer, and aggregation of multisource data.

Therefore, AI teams in every organization are seeking privacy computing solutions with more security and higher efficiency. This enhances multisource data collaboration when modeling to provide larger-scale and higher-quality data for AI model training.

Among these solutions, the federated learning method is a privacy computing method that has gained widespread attention in recent years. Compared with previous methods such as secure multiparty computation, distributed machine learning, and deep learning, the federated learning method has the following features:

• The data from each party resides locally with the participant during the training. The basic process of a federated learning method is illustrated in Figure 1 below.
• With all data from each party participating in the training process, the loss of accuracy for federated learning is more manageable compared to the model trained with all the data merged.
• Such a training process does not compromise privacy and security, and each party can participate in and facilitate the optimization of the AI model and share the final model, without having to disclose raw data.

As an active explorer and participant in federated learning, WeBank has led the way by releasing its industrial federated learning open-source framework, called FATE, to help improve the convenience and efficiency of building a federated learning solution and to quickly integrate with user application scenarios. As a distributed secure computing framework, FATE supports privacy technologies like homomorphic encryption (including full homomorphic encryption and partial homomorphic encryption) and covers different federated learning models, such as horizontal and vertical federated learning, as well as federated transfer learning, thus providing high-performance secure computing for machine learning, deep learning, and so on.

Intel has been consistently providing exceptional foundational capabilities for all types of privacy technologies in federated learning solutions, with advanced software/hardware products and technologies. The various homomorphic encryption algorithms supported by the WeBank FATE framework need to perform high-density computing tasks, which can be significantly boosted in performance by taking advantage of the Intel® Architecture Platform.

Now, the advent of 3rd Gen Intel® Xeon® Scalable Processors with 1-socket and 2-socket systems, has equipped various federated learning tasks with extraordinary computing power. Its integrated Intel® AVX-512 IFMA instruction set, combined with unmatched technologies and products such as Intel® IPP- Cryptography library, has provided specific accelerating capabilities for partial homomorphic encryption computation.

## Accelerating Modular Exponentiation Operation in Partial Homomorphic Encryption with Multibuffer Function

Homomorphic encryption is one of the most used privacy technologies in federated learning. The so-called homomorphism means that through a certain encryption method, computation performed on the encrypted data will, when decrypted, yield the same result as the computation performed on the unencrypted data. As illustrated in Figure 2, assume original data A and data B came from party X and party Y of federated learning, respectively. Both parties plan to obtain result C through collaborative computing, but neither party wants the counterparty to know its result. In a federated learning environment that uses homomorphic encryption, data A and data B can be encrypted separately and perform the operations in the encrypted environment, and the obtained result can be decrypted to get C. Neither party X nor party Y can see each other’s original data during the computing process, as the whole collaborative computing process has been conducted in an encrypted environment. Therefore, the security of the original data is guaranteed.

Here is the typical workflow for homomorphic encryption protocol-based federated learning:

• Key: Public keys are generated by an arbiter and distributed to each party.
• Encryption: Encrypt each party’s original data and upload it to the federated learning environment.
• Operation: To perform operations (such as  training a model) on encrypted data in a federated learning environment.
• Decryption: The resulting optimization model is returned to participants, and then decrypted.

The process of training a model through federated learning using homomorphic encryption requires not only key generation but also encryption and decryption procedures. All kinds of calculations required by the model itself (such as gradient computation) need to be performed in an encrypted environment as well. Based on the encryption strength, the length of integer precision after encryption varies from 1024 bits to 4096 bits, requiring a significant amount of computing resources.

Homomorphic encryption has sustainable and distinct advantages compared to all sorts of common privacy technologies. However, its high computational complexity leads to enormous computing and time resources overhead for users. As a result, when deploying federated learning solutions, users need to purchase more server resources and spend a longer time modeling. This can lead to increased cost and reduced efficiency. For an optimal solution, users need to weigh security against computational complexity, and make a trade-off between homomorphic encryption and other privacy technologies.

For this reason, many users prefer a partial homomorphic encryption solution, which has lower computing overhead than leveled or fully homomorphic encryption. But even so, the entire encryption process can be extremely time-consuming if there are hundreds of millions of dataset samples involved in training a model.

To meet the practical needs of different business scenarios, WeBank plans to further accelerate the Paillier algorithm-based partial homomorphic encryption in its FATE framework. Working with Intel, WeBank identified that modular exponentiation is required during the processes of key generation, encryption/decryption, and the multiplication/addition operation of encrypted data in partial homomorphic encryption, as shown in the encryption/decryption process below:

Encryption: Computing Ciphertext $$c=g^m r^n mod \text{ n}^2$$

Decryption: Computing Plaintext $$m=L(c^λ \text{ mod } n^2 )*(μ \text{ mod } n)$$

In the formulas above, encryption and decryption require 1 and 2 modular exponentiation operations, respectively.

Simply put, the modular exponentiation operation is $$X^Y mod \text{ c}$$. Although the computing itself is not complex, as is described above, the data in a partial homomorphic encryption solution is encrypted, and the length of integer precision reaches thousands of bits. Performing modular exponentiation on such large numbers consumes a lot of computing resources. Typically, modular exponentiation operations can account for a large portion of the cost of the entire compute pipeline.

The FATE framework by default adopts the open-source mathematical operation library, GNU MP Bignum Library (GMP), to perform the modular exponentiation operation. Although the GMP library can support arbitrary-precision mathematical operations, it still uses "serial" computing requests, even if the length of the data involved in the operation reaches thousands of bits.

From Intel’s perspective, this presents a huge opportunity for optimization. The new Intel® AVX-512 IFMA instruction set integrated into the 1-socket and 2-socket server-oriented 3rd Gen Intel® Xeon® Scalable Processors provides support for the Intel IPP-Cryptography library, which brings an additional function that implements generalized modular exponentiation operation.

As Intel’s powerful instruction set for Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD), Intel AVX-512 supports 512-bit vector calculation—meaning the processor can compute 8 channels of 64-bit integer processing simultaneously. The newly added IFMA subset in the 1-socket and 2-socket-oriented 3rd Gen Intel Xeon Scalable Processors enables the processors to perform fused integer multiplication and addition, thereby significantly improving computation efficiency. Using Intel AVX-512 IFMA, the Intel IPP-Cryptography library can concurrently initiate 8 parallel computing requests to the processors through the multi-buffer function mbx_exp_mb8() in the modular exponentiation operation, as shown in Figure 3. There is a significant improvement in the computing efficiency of the modular exponentiation operation through the change in computing request methods from serial to parallel, leading to improvements in the overall computing performance of partial homomorphic encryption using modular exponentiation.

## FATE Framework Efficiency Improved Leading to Dramatic Reduction in Deployment Cost

Intel and WeBank jointly conducted multifaceted verification tests to verify the performance improvement of enabling the multibuffer function provided by Intel IPP-Cryptography under the partial homomorphic encryption in the FATE framework.

The test result is shown in Figure 4. By using the multibuffer function provided by Intel IPP-Cryptography library, the performance of the modular exponentiation operation needed by the partial homomorphic encryption algorithm shows substantial improvement in the various lengths of integer precision when compared to the original GMP library. Notably, the performance increased 4.7X when the length of integer precision is 2048 bits1

The substantial increase in performance implies that users require fewer server resources when deploying partial homomorphic encryption for federated learning solutions, thereby effectively reducing the overall TCO. At the same time, thanks to the performance increase of 1-socket and 2-socket server-oriented 3rd Gen Intel Xeon Scalable Processors, users can double their productivity when using Intel platforms for their federated learning solutions, thereby doing more with less.

## Vision

Further advancement in computational efficiency is ensuring users to enjoy faster and easier access to WeBank's FATE federated learning open-source framework. Using multisource data enables legal and compliant creation of AI models with excellent performance, thereby allowing various industries to benefit from mature and accessible AI solutions.

Facing the future, WeBank and Intel will continue to team up and collaborate in the following aspects and will promote the FATE framework to provide powerful capability support for users to build federated learning solutions:

• Through Intel IPP-Cryptography library, further optimize partial homomorphic encryption for federated learning solutions.
• Through Intel IPP-Cryptography library and other hardware/software products and technology, carry out the optimization of federated learning solutions with full homomorphic encryption.

It is worth mentioning that Intel provided a fully homomorphic encryption acceleration library with its open-source project Intel® Homomorphic Encryption Acceleration Library (Intel® HE Acceleration Library). Bottlenecks in the computation of encrypted data in the solutions can be optimized and eliminated by Intel HE Acceleration Library, through the implementation of various functionalities such as forward and inverse negacyclic Number-Theoretic Transform (NTT), element-wise vector--vector modular operations. All these functionalities are being implemented efficiently using the Intel AVX-512 IFMA Instruction Set. With increasing collaboration between Intel and WeBank, both partners will further explore applications of Intel HE Acceleration Library in homomorphic encryption solutions.

## FATE Framework Empowers Federated Auxiliary Diagnosis

Federated learning-based smart healthcare not only empower less capable hospitals to provide high-quality medical testing results and attract more patients, but it also assists physicians in diagnosis, which helps to reduce their workloads. At the same time, localized treatment can also alleviate the burden on patients and their families.

Taking stroke detection as an example, by introducing horizontal federated learning, hospitals with fewer patients can increase the testing accuracy by 10%-20% using federated learning while maintaining patients' privacy, compared to using only the hospital's patients as training samples2. The accuracy of the model will increase with as more of the hospital's case samples are added into the federated learning training model. Taking China's nearly 2 million patients who receive allopathic medical treatment (strictly limited to those receiving cross-provincial medical treatment) as an example, it is estimated that 200 million RMB in savings can be achieved annually for the predisease confirmation phase by covering 10% of the population using federated learning-based disease prediction3.

## FATE Framework Enforces Federated Credit Risk Control

To address the lack of data for credit rating and approval of credit for small and micro enterprises, the FATE federated learning framework helps users establish a multisource data fusion mechanism to allow financial associations to obtain multidimensional data and to enrich their feature set. In the process of establishing the feature set, the FATE framework-based federated learning solution can ensure privacy and security for data providers, thus improving the effectiveness of the model.

Statistics suggest that by using multidimensional federated data modeling, the effectiveness of the risk control model can be increased by 12%. This will help consumer finance organizations effectively reduce credit approval costs, with total cost savings estimated to reach 5%–10%, thereby further enhancing risk control capability4.

## Recommended Configuration

Thanks to its robust federated modeling and trusted data security safeguards, WeBank's FATE framework has been selected by various organizations, institutes, and research organizations that are looking to explore and deploy federated learning solutions. Based on rich practical experience and proven test results, WeBank and Intel recommend the following hardware configuration to help users achieve efficient modeling in practice and develop better AI models.

Recommended Configuration
Name Specification
Number of nodes 2
Processor 3rd Gen Intel® Xeon® Scalable processors (Ice Lake)
HT On
Turbo On
Memory 256 GB (32 GB DDR4 3200 x 8)

## Footnotes

1. Test configuration: Test conducted by Intel on 3 Sept. 2021, with 2-socket Intel® Xeon® Platinum 8360Y Processor of 2.4GHz, 36 cores, HT on, Turbo Boost on; total memory of 512 GB (64 GB * 8) 3200MT/s;
BIOS version: SE5C6200.86B.0022.D64.2105220049 (ucode:0xd0002b1); Operating System: Ubuntu 20.10, 5.8.0-33-generic; Intel® oneAPI DPC++/C++ Compiler version: 2021.3.0 (2021.3.0.20210619); gcc Compiler version: (Ubuntu 10.3.0-1ubuntu1~20.10) 10.3.0
2. Data cited from “Federated Learning Whitepaper V2.0”, by WeBank, National Engineering Laboratory of Electronic Commerce and Electronic Payment, Peng Cheng Laboratory, Ping An Technology, Tencent Research Institute, Cloud Computing and Big Data Research Institute, and CMG Fintech: https://cn.fedai.org/
3. Data cited from “Federated Learning Whitepaper V2.0”, by WeBank, National Engineering Laboratory of Electronic Commerce and Electronic Payment, Peng Cheng Laboratory, Ping An Technology, Tencent Research Institute, Cloud Computing and Big Data Research Institute, and CMG Fintech: https://cn.fedai.org/
4. Data cited from “Federated Learning Whitepaper V2.0”, by WeBank, National Engineering Laboratory of Electronic Commerce and Electronic Payment, Peng Cheng Laboratory, Ping An Technology, Tencent Research Institute, Cloud Computing and Big Data Research Institute, and CMG Fintech: https://cn.fedai.org/

#### Product and Performance Information

1

Performance varies by use, configuration and other factors. Learn more at www.Intel.com/PerformanceIndex.