This chapter describes the features of the logic array block (LAB) in the Arria^® V core fabric.

The LAB is composed of basic building blocks known as adaptive logic modules (ALMs) that you can configure to implement logic functions, arithmetic functions, and register functions.

You can use a quarter of the available LABs in the Arria^® V devices as a memory LAB (MLAB).

The Intel^® Quartus^® Prime software and other supported third-party synthesis tools, in conjunction with parameterized functions such as the library of parameterized modules (LPM), automatically choose the appropriate mode for common functions such as counters, adders, subtractors, and arithmetic functions.

This chapter contains the following sections:

• LAB
• ALM Operating Modes

The Arria^® V ALM operates in any of the following modes:

• Normal mode
• Extended LUT mode
• Arithmetic mode
• Shared arithmetic mode

Normal mode allows two functions to be implemented in one Arria^® V ALM, or a single function of up to six inputs.

Up to eight data inputs from the LAB local interconnect are inputs to the combinational logic.

The ALM can support certain combinations of completely independent functions and various combinations of functions that have common inputs.

The embedded memory blocks in the devices are flexible and designed to provide an optimal amount of small- and large-sized memory arrays to fit your design requirements.

The Arria^® V devices contain two types of memory blocks:

• 20 Kb M20K or 10 Kb M10K blocks—blocks of dedicated memory resources. The M20K and M10K blocks are ideal for larger memory arrays while still providing a large number of independent ports.
• 640 bit memory logic array blocks (MLABs)—enhanced memory blocks that are configured from dual-purpose logic array blocks (LABs). The MLABs are ideal for wide and shallow memory arrays. The MLABs are optimized for implementation of shift registers for digital signal processing (DSP) applications, wide shallow FIFO buffers, and filter delay lines. Each MLAB is made up of ten adaptive logic modules (ALMs). In the Arria^® V devices, you can configure these ALMs as ten 32 x 2 blocks, giving you one 32 x 20 simple dual-port SRAM block per MLAB. You can also configure these ALMs, in Arria^® V GZ devices, as ten 64 x 1 blocks, giving you one 64 x 10 simple dual-port SRAM block per MLAB.

There are several considerations that require your attention to ensure the success of your designs. Unless noted otherwise, these design guidelines apply to all variants of this device family.

The Intel^® Quartus^® Prime software automatically partitions the user-defined memory into the memory blocks based on your design's speed and size constraints. For example, the Intel^® Quartus^® Prime software may spread out the memory across multiple available memory blocks to increase the performance of the design.

To assign the memory to a specific block size manually, use the RAM IP core in the IP Catalog.

For the memory logic array blocks (MLAB), you can implement single-port SRAM through emulation using the Intel^® Quartus^® Prime software. Emulation results in minimal additional use of logic resources.

Because of the dual-purpose architecture of the MLAB, only data input and output registers are available in the block. The MLABs gain read address registers from the ALMs. However, the write address and read data registers are internal to the MLABs.

In the true dual-port RAM mode, you can perform two write operations to the same memory location. However, the memory blocks do not have internal conflict resolution circuitry. To avoid unknown data being written to the address, implement external conflict resolution logic to the memory block.

Customize the read-during-write behavior of the memory blocks to suit your design requirements.

Consider the power up state of the different types of memory blocks if you are designing logic that evaluates the initial power-up values, as listed in the following table.

By default, the Intel^® Quartus^® Prime software initializes the RAM cells in Arria^® V devices to zero unless you specify a .mif.

All memory blocks support initialization with a .mif. You can create .mif files in the Intel^® Quartus^® Prime software and specify their use with the RAM IP core when you instantiate a memory in your design. Even if a memory is pre-initialized (for example, using a .mif), it still powers up with its output cleared.

Reduce AC power consumption in your design by controlling the clocking of each memory block:

• Use the read-enable signal to ensure that read operations occur only when necessary. If your design does not require read-during-write, you can reduce your power consumption by de-asserting the read-enable signal during write operations, or during the period when no memory operations occur.
• Use the Intel^® Quartus^® Prime software to automatically place any unused memory blocks in low-power mode to reduce static power.

The mixed-width port configuration is supported in the simple dual-port RAM and true dual-port RAM memory modes.

This section describes the clocking modes for the Arria^® V memory blocks.

In the single clock mode, a single clock, together with a clock enable, controls all registers of the memory block.

In the read/write clock mode, a separate clock is available for each read and write port. A read clock controls the data-output, read-address, and read-enable registers. A write clock controls the data-input, write-address, write-enable, and byte enable registers.

In input/output clock mode, a separate clock is available for each input and output port. An input clock controls all registers related to the data input to the memory block including data, address, byte enables, read enables, and write enables. An output clock controls the data output registers.

In the independent clock mode, a separate clock is available for each port (A and B). Clock A controls all registers on the port A side; clock B controls all registers on the port B side.

In all clocking modes, asynchronous clears are available only for output latches and output registers. For the independent clock mode, this is applicable on both ports.

If you perform a simultaneous read/write to the same address location using the read/write clock mode, the output read data is unknown. If you require the output read data to be a known value, use single-clock or input/output clock mode and select the appropriate read-during-write behavior in the IP Catalog.

Independent clock enables are supported in the following clocking modes:

• Read/write clock mode—supported for both the read and write clocks.
• Independent clock mode—supported for the registers of both ports.

To save power, you can control the shut down of a particular register using the clock enables.

The embedded memory blocks support byte enable controls:

• The byte enable controls mask the input data so that only specific bytes of data are written. The unwritten bytes retain the values written previously.
• The write enable (wren) signal, together with the byte enable (byteena) signal, control the write operations on the RAM blocks. By default, the byteena signal is high (enabled) and only the wren signal controls the writing.
• The byte enable registers do not have a clear port.
• If you are using parity bits, on the M20K and M10K blocks, the byte enable function controls 8 data bits and 2 parity bits; on the MLABs, the byte enable function controls all 10 bits in the widest mode.
• The MSB and LSB of the byteena signal correspond to the MSB and LSB of the data bus, respectively.
• The byte enables are active high.

In M10K blocks, the corresponding masked data byte output appears as a “don’t care” value.

In M20K blocks or MLABs, when you de-assert a byte-enable bit during a write cycle, the corresponding data byte output appears as either a “don't care” value or the current data at that location. You can control the output value for the masked byte in the M20K blocks or MLABs by using the Intel^® Quartus^® Prime software.

The M20K and M10K memory blocks support packed mode.

The packed mode feature packs two independent single-port RAM blocks into one memory block. The Intel^® Quartus^® Prime software automatically implements packed mode where appropriate by placing the physical RAM block in true dual-port mode and using the MSB of the address to distinguish between the two logical RAM blocks. The size of each independent single-port RAM must not exceed half of the target block size.

ECC allows you to detect and correct data errors at the output of the memory. ECC can perform single-error correction, double-adjacent-error correction, and triple-adjacent-error detection in a 32-bit word. However, ECC cannot detect four or more errors.

The M20K blocks have built-in support for ECC when in x32-wide simple dual-port mode:

• The M20K runs slower than non-ECC simple-dual port mode when ECC is engaged. However, you can enable optional ECC pipeline registers before the output decoder to achieve the same performance as non-ECC simple-dual port mode at the expense of one cycle of latency.
• The M20K ECC status is communicated with two ECC status flag signals—e (error) and ue (uncorrectable error). The status flags are part of the regular output from the memory block. When ECC is engaged, you cannot access two of the parity bits because the ECC status flag replaces them.

This chapter describes how the variable-precision digital signal processing (DSP) blocks in Arria^® V devices are optimized to support higher bit precision in high-performance DSP applications.

The Arria^® V variable precision DSP blocks offer the following features:

• High-performance, power-optimized, and fully registered multiplication operations
• 9-bit, 18-bit, 27-bit, and 36-bit ² word lengths
• 18 x 19 and 18 x 25 complex multiplications ²
• Built-in addition, subtraction, and 64-bit accumulation unit to combine multiplication results
• Cascading 19-bit or 27-bit to form the tap-delay line for filtering applications
• Cascading 64-bit output bus to propagate output results from one block to the next block without external logic support
• Hard pre-adder supported in 18-bit , 19-bit, and 27-bit mode for symmetric filters
• Internal coefficient register bank for filter implementation
• 18-bit and 27-bit systolic finite impulse response (FIR) filters with distributed output adder

You should consider the following elements in your design:

• Operational modes
• Internal coefficient and pre-adder
• Accumulator
• Chainout adder

The Intel^® Quartus^® Prime software includes IP cores that you can use to control the operation mode of the multipliers. After entering the parameter settings with the IP Catalog, the Intel^® Quartus^® Prime software automatically configures the variable precision DSP block.

Altera provides two methods for implementing various modes of the Arria^® V variable precision DSP block in a design—using the Intel^® Quartus^® Prime DSP IP cores and HDL inferring.

The following Intel^® Quartus^® Prime IP cores are supported for the Arria^® V variable precision DSP blocks implementation:

• LPM_MULT
• ALTERA_MULT_ADD
• ALTMULT_COMPLEX
• ALTMEMMULT

To use the pre-adder feature, all input data and multipliers must have the same clock setting.

The input cascade support is not available when you enable the pre-adder feature.

You can use the output chaining path to add results from other DSP blocks.

The Arria^® V variable precision DSP block has the flexibility of selecting the multiplicand from either the dynamic input or the internal coefficient.

The internal coefficient can support up to eight constant coefficients for the multiplicands in 18-bit and 27-bit modes. When you enable the internal coefficient feature, COEFSELA/COEFSELB are used to control the selection of the coefficient multiplexer.

There are two systolic registers per variable precision DSP block. If the variable precision DSP block is not configured in systolic FIR mode, both systolic registers are bypassed.

The first set of systolic registers consists of the following registers:

• 18-bit and 19-bit registers that are used to register the 18-bit and 19-bit inputs of the upper multiplier respectively for Arria^® V GX, GT, SX, and ST devices
• 18-bit registers that are used to register the 18-bit inputs of the upper multiplier for Arria^® V GZ devices

The second set of systolic registers are used to delay the chainout output to the next variable precision DSP block.

You must clock all the systolic registers with the same clock source as the output register bank.

The double accumulation register is an extra register in the feedback path of the accumulator. Enabling the double accumulation register will cause an extra clock cycle delay in the feedback path of the accumulator.

This register has the same CLK, ENA, and ACLR settings as the output register bank.

By enabling this register, you can have two accumulator channels using the same number of variable precision DSP block.

Double accumulation register is not available in Arria^® V GZ devices.

This section describes how you can configure an Arria^® V variable precision DSP block to efficiently support the following operational modes:

• Independent Multiplier Mode
• Independent Complex Multiplier Mode
• Multiplier Adder Sum Mode
• Sum of Square Mode (Arria V GZ only)
• 18 x 18 Multiplication Summed with 36-Bit Input Mode
• Systolic FIR Mode

This chapter describes the advanced features of hierarchical clock networks and phase-locked loops (PLLs) in Arria^® V devices. The Intel^® Quartus^® Prime software enables the PLLs and their features without external devices.

The Arria^® V devices contain the following clock networks that are organized into a hierarchical structure:

• Global clock (GCLK) networks
• Regional clock (RCLK) networks
• Periphery clock (PCLK) networks

Arria^® V devices provide GCLKs that can drive throughout the device. The GCLKs serve as low-skew clock sources for functional blocks, such as adaptive logic modules (ALMs), digital signal processing (DSP), embedded memory, and PLLs. Arria^® V I/O elements (IOEs) and internal logic can also drive GCLKs to create internally-generated global clocks and other high fan-out control signals, such as synchronous or asynchronous clear and clock enable signals.

RCLK networks are only applicable to the quadrant they drive into. RCLK networks provide the lowest clock insertion delay and skew for logic contained within a single device quadrant. The Arria^® V IOEs and internal logic within a given quadrant can also drive RCLKs to create internally generated regional clocks and other high fan-out control signals.

Depending on the routing direction, Arria^® V devices provide vertical PCLKs from the top and bottom periphery, and horizontal PCLKs from the left and right periphery.

Clock outputs from the dynamic phase aligner (DPA) block, programmable logic device (PLD)-transceiver interface clocks, I/O pins, and internal logic can drive the PCLK networks.

PCLKs have higher skew when compared with GCLK and RCLK networks. You can use PCLKs for general purpose routing to drive signals into and out of the Arria^® V device.

The Arria^® V devices provide 30 section clock (SCLK) networks in each spine clock per quadrant. The SCLK networks can drive six row clocks in each logic array block (LAB) row, nine column I/O clocks, and two core reference clocks. The SCLKs are the clock resources to the core functional blocks, PLLs, and I/O interfaces of the device.

A spine clock is another layer of routing between the GCLK, RCLK, and PCLK networks before each clock is connected to the clock routing for each LAB row. The settings for spine clocks are transparent. The Intel^® Quartus^® Prime software automatically routes the spine clock based on the GCLK, RCLK, and PCLK networks.

The following figure shows SCLKs driven by the GCLK, RCLK, PCLK, or the PLL feedback clock networks in each spine clock per quadrant. The GCLK, RCLK, PCLK, and PLL feedback clocks share the same routing to the SCLKs. To ensure successful design fitting in the Intel^® Quartus^® Prime software, the total number of clock resources must not exceed the SCLK limits in each region.

This section describes the types of clock regions in Arria^® V devices.

To form the entire device clock region, a source drives a signal in a GCLK network that can be routed through the entire device. The source is not necessarily a clock signal. This clock region has the maximum insertion delay when compared with other clock regions, but allows the signal to reach every destination in the device. It is a good option for routing global reset and clear signals or routing clocks throughout the device.

To form a regional clock region, a source drives a signal in a RCLK network that you can route throughout one quadrant of the device. This clock region provides the lowest skew in a quadrant. It is a good option if all the destinations are in a single quadrant.

To form a dual-regional clock region, a single source (a clock pin or PLL output) generates a dual-regional clock by driving two RCLK networks (one from each quadrant). This technique allows destinations across two adjacent device quadrants to use the same low-skew clock. The routing of this signal on an entire side has approximately the same delay as a RCLK region. Internal logic can also drive a dual-regional clock network.

In Arria^® V devices, clock input pins, PLL outputs, high-speed serial interface (HSSI) outputs, DPA outputs, and internal logic can drive the GCLK, RCLK, and PCLK networks.

You can use the dedicated clock input pins (CLK[0..23][p,n]) for high fan-out control signals, such as asynchronous clears, presets, and clock enables, for protocol signals through the GCLK or RCLK networks.

CLK pins can be either differential clocks or single-ended clocks. When you use the CLK pins as single-ended clock inputs, only the CLK<#>p pins have dedicated connections to the PLL. The CLK<#>n pins drive the PLLs over global or regional clock networks and do not have dedicated routing paths to the PLLs.

Driving a PLL over a global or regional clock can lead to higher jitter at the PLL input, and the PLL will not be able to fully compensate for the global or regional clock. Altera recommends using the CLK<#>p pins for optimal performance when you use single-ended clock inputs to drive the PLLs.

You can drive each GCLK, RCLK, and horizontal PCLK network using LAB-routing and row clock to enable internal logic to drive a high fan-out, low-skew signal.

Every DPA generates one PCLK to the core.

Every three HSSI outputs generate a group of six PCLKs to the core.

The Arria^® V PLL clock outputs can drive both GCLK and RCLK networks.

Every GCLK, RCLK, and PCLK network has its own clock control block. The control block provides the following features:

• Clock source selection (dynamic selection available only for GCLKs)
• Global clock multiplexing
• Clock power down (static or dynamic clock enable or disable available only for GCLKs and RCLKs)

You can select the clock source for the GCLK select block either statically or dynamically using internal logic to drive the multiplexer-select inputs.

When selecting the clock source dynamically, you can select either PLL outputs (such as C0 or C1), or a combination of clock pins or PLL outputs.

You can only control the clock source selection for the RCLK select block statically using configuration bit settings in the configuration file (.sof or .pof) generated by the Intel^® Quartus^® Prime software.

You can set the input clock sources and the clkena signals for the GCLK and RCLK network multiplexers through the Intel^® Quartus^® Prime software using the ALTCLKCTRL IP core.

To drive the HSSI horizontal PCLK control block, select the HSSI output or internal logic .

To drive the DPA vertical PCLK, select the DPA clock output or internal logic . You can only use the DPA clock output to generate the vertical PCLK to the core.

You can enable or disable the dedicated external clock output pins using the ALTCLKCTRL IP core.

You can power down the GCLK and RCLK clock networks using both static and dynamic approaches.

When a clock network is powered down, all the logic fed by the clock network is in off-state, reducing the overall power consumption of the device. The unused GCLK, RCLK, and PCLK networks are automatically powered down through configuration bit settings in the configuration file (.sof or .pof) generated by the Intel^® Quartus^® Prime software.

The dynamic clock enable or disable feature allows the internal logic to control power-up or power-down synchronously on the GCLK and RCLK networks, including dual-regional clock regions. This feature is independent of the PLL and is applied directly on the clock network.

You cannot use the clock enable and disable circuit of the clock control block if the GCLK or RCLK output drives the input of a PLL.

The clkena signals are supported at the clock network level instead of at the PLL output counter level. This allows you to gate off the clock even when you are not using a PLL. You can also use the clkena signals to control the dedicated external clocks from the PLLs.

Arria^® V devices have an additional metastability register that aids in asynchronous enable and disable of the GCLK and RCLK networks. You can optionally bypass this register in the Intel^® Quartus^® Prime software.

The PLL can remain locked, independent of the clkena signals, because the loop-related counters are not affected. This feature is useful for applications that require a low-power or sleep mode. The clkena signal can also disable clock outputs if the system is not tolerant of frequency overshoot during resynchronization.

You can configure the fractional PLL to function either in the integer or in the enhanced fractional mode. One fractional PLL can use up to 18 output counters and all external clock outputs. Two adjacent fractional PLLs share the 18 output counters.

Fractional PLLs can be used as follows:

• Reduce the number of required oscillators on the board
• Reduce the clock pins used in the FPGA by synthesizing multiple clock frequencies from a single reference clock source
• Compensate clock network delay
• Zero delay buffering
• Transmit clocking for transceivers

Arria^® V devices support two types of PLL cascading.

You can use the areset signal to control PLL operation and resynchronization, and use the locked signal to observe the status of the PLL.

The areset signal is the reset or resynchronization input for each PLL. The device input pins or internal logic can drive these input signals.

When areset is driven high, the PLL counters reset, clearing the PLL output and placing the PLL out-of-lock. The VCO is then set back to its nominal setting. When areset is driven low again, the PLL resynchronizes to its input as it re-locks.

You must assert the areset signal every time the PLL loses lock to guarantee the correct phase relationship between the PLL input and output clocks. You can set up the PLL to automatically reset (self-reset) after a loss-of-lock condition using the Intel^® Quartus^® Prime IP Catalog.

You must include the areset signal if either of the following conditions is true:

• PLL reconfiguration or clock switchover is enabled in the design
• Phase relationships between the PLL input and output clocks must be maintained after a loss-of-lock condition

The locked signal output of the PLL indicates the following conditions:

• The PLL has locked onto the reference clock.
• The PLL clock outputs are operating at the desired phase and frequency set in the IP Catalog.

The lock detection circuit provides a signal to the core logic. The signal indicates when the feedback clock has locked onto the reference clock both in phase and frequency.

This section describes the following clock feedback modes:

• Source synchronous
• LVDS compensation
• Direct
• Normal compensation
• ZDB
• EFB

Each mode allows clock multiplication and division, phase shifting, and programmable duty cycle.

The input and output delays are fully compensated by a PLL only when using the dedicated clock input pins associated with a given PLL as the clock source.

The input and output delays may not be fully compensated in the Intel^® Quartus^® Prime software for the following conditions:

• When a GCLK or RCLK network drives the PLL
• When the PLL is driven by a dedicated clock pin that is not associated with the PLL

For example, when you configure a PLL in ZDB mode, the PLL input is driven by an associated dedicated clock input pin. In this configuration, a fully compensated clock path results in zero delay between the clock input and one of the clock outputs from the PLL. However, if the PLL input is fed by a non-dedicated input (using the GCLK network), the output clock may not be perfectly aligned with the input clock.

If the data and clock arrive at the same time on the input pins, the same phase relationship is maintained at the clock and data ports of any IOE input register. Data and clock signals at the IOE experience similar buffer delays as long as you use the same I/O standard.

Altera recommends source synchronous mode for source synchronous data transfers.

The source synchronous mode compensates for the delay of the clock network used and any difference in the delay between the following two paths:

• Data pin to the IOE register input
• Clock input pin to the PLL phase frequency detector (PFD) input

The Arria^® V PLL can compensate multiple pad-to-input-register paths, such as a data bus when it is set to use source synchronous compensation mode.

The purpose of LVDS compensation mode is to maintain the same data and clock timing relationship seen at the pins of the internal serializer/deserializer (SERDES) capture register, except that the clock is inverted (180° phase shift). Thus, LVDS compensation mode ideally compensates for the delay of the LVDS clock network, including the difference in delay between the following two paths:

• Data pin-to-SERDES capture register
• Clock input pin-to-SERDES capture register

The output counter must provide the 180° phase shift.

In direct mode, the PLL does not compensate for any clock networks. This mode provides better jitter performance because the clock feedback into the PFD passes through less circuitry. Both the PLL internal- and external-clock outputs are phase-shifted with respect to the PLL clock input.

An internal clock in normal compensation mode is phase-aligned to the input clock pin. The external clock output pin has a phase delay relative to the clock input pin if connected in this mode. The Intel^® Quartus^® Prime Timing Analyzer reports any phase difference between the two. In normal compensation mode, the delay introduced by the GCLK or RCLK network is fully compensated.

In ZDB mode, the external clock output pin is phase-aligned with the clock input pin for zero delay through the device. This mode is supported on all Arria^® V PLLs.

When using this mode, you must use the same I/O standard on the input clocks and clock outputs to guarantee clock alignment at the input and output pins. You cannot use differential I/O standards on the PLL clock input or output pins.

To ensure phase alignment between the clk pin and the external clock output (CLKOUT) pin in ZDB mode, instantiate a bidirectional I/O pin in the design. The bidirectional I/O pin serves as the feedback path connecting the fbout and fbin ports of the PLL. The bidirectional I/O pin must always be assigned a single-ended I/O standard. The PLL uses this bidirectional I/O pin to mimic and compensate for the output delay from the clock output port of the PLL to the external clock output pin.

In EFB mode, the output of the M counter (fbout) feeds back to the PLL fbin input (using a trace on the board) and becomes part of the feedback loop.

One of the dual-purpose external clock outputs becomes the fbin input pin in this mode. The external feedback input pin, fbin is phase-aligned with the clock input pin. Aligning these clocks allows you to remove clock delay and skew between devices.

When using EFB mode, you must use the same I/O standard on the input clock, feedback input, and clock outputs.

Each Arria^® V PLL provides clock synthesis for PLL output ports using the M/(N × C) scaling factors. The input clock is divided by a pre-scale factor, N, and is then multiplied by the M feedback factor. The control loop drives the VCO to match f_in × (M/N).

The Intel^® Quartus^® Prime software automatically chooses the appropriate scaling factors according to the input frequency, multiplication, and division values entered into the ALTERA_PLL IP core.

The programmable phase shift feature allows the PLLs to generate output clocks with a fixed phase offset.

The VCO frequency of the PLL determines the precision of the phase shift. The minimum phase shift increment is 1/8 of the VCO period. For example, if a PLL operates with a VCO frequency of 1000 MHz, phase shift steps of 125 ps are possible.

The Intel^® Quartus^® Prime software automatically adjusts the VCO frequency according to the user-specified phase shift values entered into the IP core.

The programmable duty cycle allows PLLs to generate clock outputs with a variable duty cycle. This feature is supported on the PLL post-scale counters.

The duty-cycle setting is achieved by a low and high time-count setting for the post-scale counters. To determine the duty cycle choices, the Intel^® Quartus^® Prime software uses the frequency input and the required multiply or divide rate.

The post-scale counter value determines the precision of the duty cycle. The precision is defined as 50% divided by the post-scale counter value. For example, if the C0 counter is 10, steps of 5% are possible for duty-cycle choices from 5% to 90%. If the PLL is in external feedback mode, set the duty cycle for the counter driving the fbin pin to 50%.

Combining the programmable duty cycle with programmable phase shift allows the generation of precise non-overlapping clocks.

The clock switchover feature allows the PLL to switch between two reference input clocks. Use this feature for clock redundancy or for a dual-clock domain application where a system turns on the redundant clock if the previous clock stops running. The design can perform clock switchover automatically when the clock is no longer toggling or based on a user control signal, extswitch.

The following clock switchover modes are supported in Arria^® V PLLs:

• Automatic switchover—The clock sense circuit monitors the current reference clock. If the current reference clock stops toggling, the reference clock automatically switches to inclk0 or inclk1 clock.
• Manual clock switchover—Clock switchover is controlled using the extswitch signal. When the extswitch signal goes from logic low to logic high, and stays high for at least three clock cycles, the reference clock to the PLL is switched from inclk0 to inclk1, or vice-versa.
• Automatic switchover with manual override—This mode combines automatic switchover and manual clock switchover. When the extswitch signal goes high, it overrides the automatic clock switchover function.

Arria^® V PLLs support a fully configurable clock switchover capability.

When the current reference clock is not present, the clock sense block automatically switches to the backup clock for PLL reference. You can select a clock source as the backup clock by connecting it to the inclk1 port of the PLL in your design.

The clock switchover circuit sends out three status signals—clkbad[0], clkbad[1], and activeclock—from the PLL to implement a custom switchover circuit in the logic array.

In automatic switchover mode, the clkbad[0] and clkbad[1] signals indicate the status of the two clock inputs. When they are asserted, the clock sense block detects that the corresponding clock input has stopped toggling. These two signals are not valid if the frequency difference between inclk0 and inclk1 is greater than 20%.

The activeclock signal indicates which of the two clock inputs (inclk0 or inclk1) is being selected as the reference clock to the PLL. When the frequency difference between the two clock inputs is more than 20%, the activeclock signal is the only valid status signal.

Use the switchover circuitry to automatically switch between inclk0 and inclk1 when the current reference clock to the PLL stops toggling. You can switch back and forth between inclk0 and inclk1 any number of times when one of the two clocks fails and the other clock is available.

For example, in applications that require a redundant clock with the same frequency as the reference clock, the switchover state machine generates a signal (clksw) that controls the multiplexer select input. In this case, inclk1 becomes the reference clock for the PLL.

When using automatic clock switchover mode, the following requirements must be satisfied:

• Both clock inputs must be running when the FPGA is configured.
• The period of the two clock inputs can differ by no more than 20%.

If the current clock input stops toggling while the other clock is also not toggling, switchover is not initiated and the clkbad[0..1] signals are not valid. If both clock inputs are not the same frequency, but their period difference is within 20%, the clock sense block detects when a clock stops toggling. However, the PLL may lose lock after the switchover is completed and needs time to relock.

In automatic switchover with manual override mode, you can use the extswitch signal for user- or system-controlled switch conditions. You can use this mode for same-frequency switchover, or to switch between inputs of different frequencies.

For example, if inclk0 is 66 MHz and inclk1 is 200 MHz, you must control switchover using the extswitch signal. The automatic clock-sense circuitry cannot monitor clock input (inclk0 and inclk1) frequencies with a frequency difference of more than 100% (2×).

This feature is useful when the clock sources originate from multiple cards on the backplane, requiring a system-controlled switchover between the frequencies of operation.

You must choose the backup clock frequency and set the M, N, C, and K counters so that the VCO operates within the recommended operating frequency range. The ALTERA_PLL IP Catalog notifies you if a given combination of inclk0 and inclk1 frequencies cannot meet this requirement.

In automatic override with manual switchover mode, the activeclock signal mirrors the extswitch signal. Since both clocks are still functional during the manual switch, neither clkbad signal goes high. Because the switchover circuit is positive-edge sensitive, the falling edge of the extswitch signal does not cause the circuit to switch back from inclk1 to inclk0. When the extswitch signal goes high again, the process repeats.

The extswitch signal and automatic switch work only if the clock being switched to is available. If the clock is not available, the state machine waits until the clock is available.

In manual clock switchover mode, the extswitch signal controls whether inclk0 or inclk1 is selected as the input clock to the PLL. By default, inclk0 is selected.

A clock switchover event is initiated when the extswitch signal transitions from logic low to logic high, and being held high for at least three inclk cycles.

You must bring the extswitch signal back low again for PLL to re-gain lock. If you do not require another switchover event, you can leave the extswitch signal in a logic low state.

Pulsing the extswitch signal high for at least three inclk cycles performs another switchover event.

If inclk0 and inclk1 are different frequencies and are always running, the extswitch signal minimum high time must be greater than or equal to three of the slower frequency inclk0 and inclk1 cycles.

You can delay the clock switchover action by specifying the switchover delay in the ALTERA_PLL IP core. When you specify the switchover delay, the extswitch signal must be held high for at least three inclk cycles plus the number of the delay cycles that has been specified to initiate a clock switchover.

For more information about PLL reconfiguration and dynamic phase shifting, refer to AN661.

This chapter provides details about the features of the Arria^® V I/O elements (IOEs) and how the IOEs work in compliance with current and emerging I/O standards and requirements.

The Arria^® V I/Os support the following features:

• Single-ended, non-voltage-referenced, and voltage-referenced I/O standards
• Low-voltage differential signaling (LVDS), RSDS, mini-LVDS, HSTL, HSUL, and SSTL I/O standards
• Serializer/deserializer (SERDES)
• Programmable output current strength
• Programmable slew rate
• Programmable bus-hold
• Programmable pull-up resistor
• Programmable pre-emphasis
• Programmable I/O delay
• Programmable voltage output differential (V_OD)
• Open-drain output
• On-chip series termination (R_S OCT) with and without calibration
• On-chip parallel termination (R_T OCT)
• On-chip differential termination (R_D OCT)

This section lists the I/O standards supported in the FPGA I/Os and HPS I/Os of Arria^® V devices, the typical power supply values for each I/O standard, and the MultiVolt I/O interface feature.