


Results of operations | Financial condition | Financial market risks | Outlook

Intel posted record net revenues in 1999, for the 13th consecutive year, increasing by 12% from 1998, and by 5% from 1997 to 1998. Net revenues for the Intel Architecture Business Group operating segment increased by 6% from 1998, and by 5.5% from 1997 to 1998. The increases for the Intel Architecture Business Group for both periods were primarily due to higher unit volumes of microprocessors, partially offset by lower average selling prices for microprocessors. As a result of a change in the company's internal organization during 1999, the Intel Architecture Business Group is the only remaining reportable operating segment. Within the "all other" category for operating segment reporting, revenues from sales of flash memory and networking and communications products grew significantly from 1998 to 1999. From 1997 to 1998, sales of flash memory and embedded products declined while networking and communications products grew significantly.

During 1999, sales of microprocessors and related board-level products based on the P6 microarchitecture (including the Intel® Celeron, Pentium® III and Pentium® III Xeon processors), which are included in the Intel Architecture Business Group's operations, comprised a substantial majority of Intel's consolidated net revenues and gross margin. For 1998, these represented a majority of Intel's consolidated net revenues and a substantial majority of gross margin. Sales of the P6 microprocessors first became a significant portion of the company's revenues and gross margin in 1997. Sales of Pentium® family processors, including Pentium® processors with MMX technology, were not significant for 1999, but were a rapidly declining but still significant portion of the company's revenues and gross margin for 1998. During 1997, sales of Pentium family processors were a majority of the company's revenues and gross margin.
Total cost of sales decreased by 2% from 1998 to 1999, primarily due to lower unit costs for microprocessors in 1999 for the Intel Architecture Business Group operating segment. These lower unit costs were partially offset by higher unit sales volume in 1999. The lower unit costs in 1999 were achieved primarily through redesigned microprocessor products with lower cost packaging, including packaging using fewer purchased components, as well as factory efficiencies and lower purchase prices on purchased components. Total cost of sales increased by 22% from 1997 to 1998, primarily due to microprocessor unit volume growth and additional costs associated with purchased components for the Single Edge Contact (SEC) cartridge housing the Pentium® II processor. The total gross margin percentage increased to 60% in 1999 from 54% in 1998, primarily due to lower unit costs in the Intel Architecture Business Group operating segment, partially offset by lower average selling prices. The gross margin percentage decreased to 54% in 1998 from 60% in 1997, primarily due to the increased costs in the Intel Architecture Business Group related to the SEC cartridge in the Pentium II processor and the lower average selling prices of processors in the first half of 1998 compared to the first half of 1997. See "Outlook" for a discussion of gross margin expectations.

Excluding charges of $392 million for purchased in-process research and development (IPR&D) related to the current year's acquisitions and $165 million in 1998, research and development spending increased $602 million, or 24%, from 1998 to 1999, primarily due to increased spending on product development programs including product development of acquired companies. Research and development spending increased 7% from 1997 to 1998, primarily due to increased spending on development of microprocessor products. Marketing, general and administrative expenses increased $796 million, or 26%, from 1998 to 1999, primarily due to increases for the Intel Inside® cooperative advertising program, merchandising spending relating to new product launches and profit-dependent bonus expenses. From 1997 to 1998, marketing, general and administrative expenses increased $185 million, or 6%, primarily due to the Intel Inside program and merchandising spending, partially offset by lower profit-dependent bonus expenses.
The fair value of the IPR&D for each of the acquisitions was determined using the income approach, which discounts expected future cash flows from projects under development to their net present value. Each project was analyzed to determine the technological innovations included; the utilization of core technology; the complexity, cost and time to complete the remaining development efforts; any alternative future use or current technological feasibility; and the stage of completion. Future cash flows were estimated based on forecasted revenues and costs, taking into account the expected life cycles of the products and the underlying technology, relevant market sizes and industry trends.
Discount rates were derived from a weighted average cost of capital analysis, adjusted to reflect the relative risks inherent in each entity's development process, including the probability of achieving technological success and market acceptance. The IPR&D charge includes the fair value of IPR&D completed. The fair value assigned to developed technology is included in identifiable intangible assets, and no value is assigned to IPR&D to be completed or to future development. Intel believes the amounts determined for IPR&D, as well as developed technology, are representative of fair value and do not exceed the amounts an independent party would pay for these projects. Failure to deliver new products to the market on a timely basis, or to achieve expected market acceptance or revenue and expense forecasts, could have a significant impact on the financial results and operations of the acquired businesses.
The total charge for IPR&D for the Dialogic Corporation acquisition, completed in July 1999, was approximately $83 million. Dialogic designs, manufactures and markets computer hardware and software enabling technology for computer telephony systems. Twelve IPR&D projects were identified and valued, with two projects under the Springware and CT Server product groups accounting for 65% of the value assigned to IPR&D. Springware is a line of voice and intelligent network interface boards that provides signal processing features that can be reconfigured by developers for special applications. The next-generation Springware project was estimated to be approximately 60% complete, with estimated costs to complete of $3 million and an estimated completion date of the first quarter of 2000. The CT Server project is designed to converge voice, media and packet communications within enterprise or public networking systems by providing a single platform for telecommunications switching, media processing and other communications services. The CT Server project was estimated to be approximately 55% complete, with estimated costs to complete of $11.5 million. The estimated completion date for the CT Server project was originally the first quarter of 2000 but is now estimated to be the second quarter of 2000. Dialogic's other IPR&D projects ranged from 10% to 90% complete and averaged approximately 60% complete. Total estimated costs to complete all other projects were $17.5 million, with expected completion dates from the third quarter of 1999 through the third quarter of 2000. Projects expected to complete during 1999 completed on schedule. The average discount rates used were 22% for IPR&D projects and 14% for developed technology. Dialogic's weighted average cost of capital was 17%.
The total charge for IPR&D for the Level One Communications, Inc. acquisition, completed in August 1999, was approximately $231 million. Level One Communications provides silicon connectivity, switching and access solutions for high-speed telecommunications and networking applications. Eight IPR&D projects were identified and valued, with each project representing from 5% to 18% of the total IPR&D value for this acquisition. Current Level One Communications products provide silicon connectivity, local area network (LAN) switching and wide area network (WAN) access solutions for high-speed telecommunications and networking applications. In-process projects include transceivers, routers and switch chipsets using current and emerging technologies for the networking and telecommunications markets. These projects ranged from 39% to 86% complete, with total remaining costs to complete of $19.1 million. Expected project completion dates ranged from the third quarter of 1999 through the third quarter of 2000, and projects expected to complete during 1999 completed on schedule. The discount rates used were 30% for IPR&D projects and 20% for developed technology. Level One Communications' weighted average cost of capital was 23%.
The total charge for IPR&D for the DSP Communications, Inc. acquisition, completed in November 1999, was approximately $59 million. DSP Communications develops and supplies form-fit reference designs, chipsets and software for mobile telephone manufacturers. Four IPR&D projects were identified and valued, with each project representing from 9% to 31% of the total IPR&D value. The in-process projects are enhancements of DSP Communications' existing digital cellular chipsets, new third-generation chipsets and new products designed for use in other emerging wireless personal communications services. These projects ranged from 10% to 90% complete, with expected project completion dates from 2000 to 2003, and total remaining costs to complete of $13 million. The average discount rates used for DSP Communications were 20% for IPR&D projects and 11% for developed technology. DSP Communications' weighted average cost of capital was 17%.
In the first quarter of 1998, the company purchased Chips and Technologies, Inc. and recorded a charge for IPR&D of $165 million. Chips and Technologies had a product line of mobile graphics controllers based on 2D and video graphics technologies. Their major development activities included new technologies for embedded memory and 3D graphics. Other development projects included improvements to the existing 2D and video technologies and several other new business product lines. The discount rates applied were 15% for developed technology and 20% for IPR&D projects, compared to an estimated weighted average cost of capital of approximately 10%. Costs to complete all of the in-process projects were estimated to be $30 million. Approximately 70% of the estimated IPR&D was attributable to the embedded memory technology and the 3D technology that were expected to be used together and separately in products under development. Development of the first in a series of mobile graphics products using the embedded memory technology was estimated to be approximately 80% complete and was completed in August 1998. The 3D technology was at an earlier stage of development with a minimal amount of work completed at the time of the acquisition. Close to the time of the acquisition, Intel also began working with another company to license their 3D technology for a line of desktop graphics controllers. Subsequent to the acquisition, a decision was made that the mobile and desktop product lines should have compatible 3D technologies, and further development of the Chips and Technologies 3D technology was stopped. During 1999, Intel realigned its discrete graphics resources to focus on integrated graphics chipsets utilizing the core technology acquired from Chips and Technologies.
Amortization of goodwill and other acquisition-related intangibles increased $355 million from 1998 to 1999, primarily due to the impact of acquisitions made in 1999, including Level One Communications, Dialogic, DSP Communications and IPivot, Inc. For 1999, a substantial majority of this amortization was included in the calculation of the operating loss for the "all other" category for segment reporting purposes.
Interest expense increased $2 million from 1998 to 1999 due to higher average borrowing balances and lower interest capitalization. Interest and other income increased $705 million from 1998 to 1999, primarily due to higher realized gains on sales of equity investments. For 1998 compared to 1997, interest expense increased $7 million due to higher average borrowing balances and lower interest capitalization. Interest and other income was essentially unchanged for the same period, with higher realized gains on sales of equity securities and higher interest income offset by lower foreign currency gains.

The company's effective income tax rate was 34.9% in 1999, 33.6% in 1998 and 34.8% in 1997. Excluding the impact of the non-deductible charges for IPR&D and the amortization of goodwill and other acquisition-related intangibles, the company's effective income tax rate was approximately 33% for both 1999 and 1998. Foreign income taxed at rates different from U.S. rates contributed to the lower tax rate in 1999 and 1998 compared to 1997, excluding the impact of acquisitions.
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The company's financial condition remains very strong. At December 25, 1999, total cash, trading assets and short- and long-term investments, excluding marketable strategic equity securities, totaled $13 billion, up from $11 billion at December 26, 1998. Cash provided by operating activities was $11 billion in 1999, compared to $9.2 billion and $10 billion in 1998 and 1997, respectively.

The company used $5.5 billion in net cash for investing activities during 1999, compared to $6.5 billion during 1998 and $6.9 billion during 1997. Capital expenditures totaled $3.4 billion in 1999, as the company continued to invest in property, plant and equipment, primarily for additional microprocessor manufacturing capacity and the transition of manufacturing technology. The company also paid $3 billion in cash for acquisitions, net of cash acquired, including the purchases of Shiva Corporation, Softcom Microsystems, Inc., Dialogic, NetBoost Corporation, IPivot and DSP Communications. In addition, the company issued approximately 34 million shares of common stock and assumed convertible debt valued at approximately $212 million in connection with the purchase of Level One Communications. Sales of available-for-sale investments provided $831 million in cash. The company also had committed approximately $2.5 billion for the purchase or construction of property, plant and equipment as of December 25, 1999. See "Outlook" for a discussion of capital expenditure expectations in 2000.
Inventory levels in total decreased in 1999, with raw materials, work-in-process and finished goods inventory all contributing to the decrease. For 1999, the impact of the increase in revenues on the accounts receivable balance was offset by a decrease in the days sales outstanding. The company's five largest customers accounted for approximately 44% of net revenues for 1999. Two customers each accounted for 13% of revenues in 1999. One customer accounted for 13% of revenues and another accounted for 11% in 1998, and one customer accounted for 12% of revenues in 1997. At December 25, 1999, the five largest customers accounted for approximately 35% of net accounts receivable.
The company used $4.2 billion for financing activities in 1999, compared to $4.7 billion and $3.2 billion in 1998 and 1997, respectively. The major financing applications of cash in 1999 were for the repurchase of 71.3 million shares of common stock for $4.6 billion and payment of dividends of $366 million. The major financing applications of cash in 1998 and 1997 were for stock repurchases totaling $6.8 billion and $3.4 billion, respectively; payments of dividends of $217 million and $180 million, respectively; and for 1997, a $300 million repayment under a private reverse repurchase arrangement. Financing sources of cash during 1999 were primarily $543 million in proceeds from the sale of shares mainly pursuant to employee stock plans ($507 million in 1998 and $317 million in 1997). Financing sources of cash during 1998 also included $1.6 billion in proceeds from the exercise of the 1998 step-up warrants ($40 million in 1997).
As part of its authorized stock repurchase program, the company had outstanding put warrants at the end of 1999, with the potential obligation to buy back 2 million shares of its common stock at an aggregate price of $130 million. Subsequent to the year-end, these put warrants expired unexercised.
At December 25, 1999, marketable strategic equity securities totaled $7.1 billion with approximately $5.8 billion in unrealized appreciation, an increase in total value of $5.3 billion compared to December 26, 1998 and an increase in unrealized appreciation of approximately $4.9 billion.
Other sources of liquidity include authorized commercial paper borrowings of $700 million. The company also maintains the ability to issue an aggregate of approximately $1.4 billion in debt, equity and other securities under Securities and Exchange Commission shelf registration statements.
The company believes that it has the financial resources needed to meet business requirements for the next 12 months, including potential future acquisitions or strategic investments, capital expenditures for the expansion or upgrading of worldwide manufacturing capacity, working capital requirements and the dividend program.
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The company is exposed to financial market risks, including changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and marketable equity security prices. To mitigate these risks, the company utilizes derivative financial instruments. The company does not use derivative financial instruments for speculative or trading purposes. All of the potential changes noted below are based on sensitivity analyses performed on the company's financial positions at December 25, 1999. Actual results may differ materially.
The primary objective of the company's investments in debt securities is to preserve principal while maximizing yields, without significantly increasing risk. To achieve this objective, the returns on a substantial majority of the company's marketable investments in long-term fixed rate debt securities are swapped to U.S. dollar LIBOR-based returns. The company considered the historical volatility of the three-month LIBOR rate experienced in the past year and determined that it was reasonably possible that an adverse change of 60 basis points, approximately 10% of the rate at the end of 1999, could be experienced in the near term. A hypothetical 60-basis-point increase in interest rates would result in an approximate $16 million decrease in the fair value of the company's investments in debt securities as of the end of 1999 ($30 million as of the end of 1998).
The company hedges currency risks of investments denominated in foreign currencies with foreign currency borrowings, currency forward contracts and currency interest rate swaps. Gains and losses on these foreign currency investments would generally be offset by corresponding losses and gains on the related hedging instruments, resulting in negligible net exposure to the company.
A substantial majority of the company's revenue, expense and capital purchasing activities are transacted in U.S. dollars. However, the company does enter into these transactions in other currencies, primarily Japanese yen and certain other Asian and European currencies. To protect against reductions in value and the volatility of future cash flows caused by changes in currency exchange rates, the company has established revenue, expense and balance sheet hedging programs. Currency forward contracts and currency options are utilized in these hedging programs. The company's hedging programs reduce, but do not always entirely eliminate, the impact of currency exchange rate movements. The company considered the historical trends in currency exchange rates and determined that it was reasonably possible that adverse changes in exchange rates of 20% for certain Asian currencies and 10% for all other currencies could be experienced in the near term. Such an adverse change would result in an adverse impact on income before taxes of less than $20 million as of the end of each of 1999 and 1998.
The company is exposed to equity price risks on the marketable portion of its portfolio of strategic equity securities. The company typically does not attempt to reduce or eliminate its market exposure on these securities. These investments are generally in companies in the high-technology industry, and a substantial majority of the market value of the portfolio is in three sectors: Internet, semiconductor and networking. As of December 25, 1999, five equity positions constituted approximately 49% of the market value of the portfolio, of which approximately $1.2 billion, or 17% of the market value of the portfolio, consisted of an investment in Micron Technology, Inc.
The company analyzed the historical movements over the past several years of high-technology stock indices that the company considered appropriate. Based on the analysis, the company estimated that it was reasonably possible that the prices of the stocks in the company's portfolio could experience a 30% adverse change in the near term. Assuming a 30% adverse change, the company's marketable strategic equity securities would decrease in value by approximately $2.1 billion, based on the value of the portfolio as of December 25, 1999. Assuming the same 30% adverse change as of December 26, 1998, the company's marketable strategic equity securities would have decreased in value by approximately $525 million. The increase in the impact of the assumed adverse change from 1998 to 1999 reflects the increase in size of the portfolio, a significant portion of which represents unrealized appreciation. The portfolio's concentrations in specific companies or sectors may vary over time and may be different from the compositions of the indices analyzed, and these factors may affect the portfolio's price volatility. This estimate is not necessarily indicative of future performance, and actual results may differ materially.
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This outlook section contains a number of forward-looking statements, all of which are based on current expectations. Actual results may differ materially. These statements do not reflect the potential impact of any mergers or acquisitions that had not closed as of the end of 1999.
Intel's goal is to be the preeminent building block supplier to the worldwide Internet economy. The company's primary focus areas are the client platform, server platform, networking and communications, and solutions and services. The company's five product-line operating segments support these initiatives.
Intel's strategy for client and server platforms is to introduce ever higher performance microprocessors and chipsets, tailored for the different market segments of the worldwide computing market, using a tiered branding approach. In line with this strategy, the company is seeking to develop higher performance microprocessors based on the P6 microarchitecture specifically for each computing segment: the Intel Celeron processor for the value segment; Pentium III processors for home and business applications, and for entry-level servers and workstations; and Pentium III Xeon processors for mid-range and high-end servers and workstations. During 2000, the company also expects to introduce processors for high-end servers based on the IA-64 architecture, under the Itanium brand. In addition, the client platform strategy includes providing low-power processors and flash memory for handheld wireless devices. The Intel Architecture Business Group operating segment supports the client and server platform initiatives. The Wireless Communications and Computing Group supports the handheld wireless device initiatives for the client platform.
Intel plans to cultivate new businesses as well as continue to work with the computing industry to expand Internet capabilities and product offerings, and develop compelling software applications that can take advantage of higher performance microprocessors and chipsets, thus driving demand toward Intel's newer products in each computing market segment. The company may continue to take various steps, including reducing microprocessor prices at such times as it deems appropriate, in order to increase acceptance of its latest technology and to remain competitive within each relevant market segment.
In the network and communications infrastructure area, Intel's strategy is to deliver both system-level communications products and component-level silicon building blocks for networking and communications systems for the home and small- and medium-sized businesses. Intel has made acquisitions and expects to make additional acquisitions to grow new networking and communications areas. Initiatives in these areas are supported by the Communications Products Group operating segment, focusing on system-level products, and the Network Communications Group, focusing on component-level products.
Intel also intends to build new service businesses around the Internet. During 1999, the company launched Intel Online Services, which provides Web hosting and e-Commerce services for customers. Intel intends to deliver a consistent worldwide platform for developing and delivering e-Business solutions. The New Business Group operating segment supports the service business initiatives.
Intel expects that the total number of computers using Intel's P6 microarchitecture processors and other semiconductor components sold worldwide will continue to grow in 2000. In addition, Intel expects to grow revenues in the networking, communications and wireless businesses by 50% or more in 2000. However, the company's financial results are substantially dependent on sales of microprocessors and related components by the Intel Architecture Business Group. Revenues are also a function of the mix of microprocessor types and speeds sold as well as the mix of related motherboards, purchased components and other semiconductor products, all of which are difficult to forecast. Because of the wide price difference among types of microprocessors, this mix affects the average price that Intel will realize and has a large impact on Intel's revenues. The company's expectations regarding growth in the computing industry worldwide are dependent in part on the growth in usage of the Internet and the expansion of Internet product offerings. The expectations are also subject to the impact of economic conditions in various geographic regions.
Intel's expectations regarding growth in the networking, communications and wireless areas, as well as in new service businesses, are subject to the company's ability to acquire businesses as well as to integrate and operate them successfully, and to grow new businesses internally.
Intel's current gross margin expectation for 2000 is 61% plus or minus a few points compared to 60% for 1999. The company's gross margin varies depending on the mix of types and speeds of processors sold as well as the mix of microprocessors and related motherboards and purchased components. The company has been implementing new packaging formats that have reduced costs on certain microprocessor products, and this is expected to be the primary driver of cost reductions for 2000 as the transition to the new packaging formats continues. The company also expects to have reduced costs due to continued productivity improvements on its existing manufacturing processes, including the new 0.18-micron manufacturing process. Various other factorsincluding unit volumes, yield issues associated with production at factories, ramp of new technologies, the reusability of factory equipment, excess or obsolete inventory, variations in inventory valuation and mix of shipments of other semiconductor and non-semiconductor productswill also continue to affect the amount of cost of sales and the variability of gross margin percentages.
Intel's primary goal is to get its advanced technology to the marketplace, and at the same time increase gross margin dollars. The company's plans to grow in non-microprocessor areas, particularly those areas that have the potential to expand networking and communications capabilities, are intended to increase gross margin dollars but may lower the gross margin percentage. In addition, from time to time the company may forecast a range of gross margin percentages for the coming quarter. Actual results may differ from these estimates.
The company has expanded its semiconductor manufacturing and assembly and test capacity over the last few years, and continues to plan capacity based on the assumed continued success of its strategy as well as the acceptance of its products in specific market segments. The company expects that capital spending will increase to approximately $5 billion in 2000 from $3.4 billion in 1999. The increase is primarily a result of expected spending related to the development of next-generation 0.13-micron process technology for both 300 millimeter and 200 millimeter manufacturing, in addition to increased spending on new fabrication facility construction and equipment purchases to add 0.18-micron capacity. If the market demand does not continue to grow and move rapidly toward higher performance products in the various market segments, revenues and gross margin may be affected, the capacity installed might be under-utilized and capital spending may be slowed. Revenues and gross margin may also be affected if the company does not add capacity fast enough to meet market demand. This spending plan is dependent upon expectations regarding production efficiencies and delivery times of various machinery and equipment, and construction schedules for new facilities. Depreciation for 2000 is expected to be approximately $3.4 billion, an increase of approximately $200 million from 1999. Most of this increase would be included in cost of sales and research and development spending. Amortization of goodwill and other acquisition-related intangibles is expected to be approximately $1.2 billion for 2000.
The industry in which Intel operates is characterized by very short product life cycles, and the company's continued success is dependent on technological advances, including the development and implementation of new processes and new strategic products for specific market segments. Because Intel considers it imperative to maintain a strong research and development program, spending for research and development in 2000, excluding in-process research and development, is expected to increase to approximately $3.8 billion from $3.1 billion in 1999. The higher spending is driven primarily by the full-year impact of acquisitions and investments in new businesses as well as increased investment in Intel architecture-related businesses. The company intends to continue spending to promote its products and to increase the value of its product brands. Based on current forecasts, spending for marketing, general and administrative expenses is also expected to increase in 2000.
The company currently expects its tax rate to be 31.7% for 2000, excluding the impact of costs related to prior and any future acquisitions. This estimate is based on current tax law, the current estimate of earnings and the expected distribution of income among various tax jurisdictions, and is subject to change.
During 1998, Intel established a team to address the issues raised by the introduction of the Single European Currency, the Euro, on January 1, 1999. The team is continuing to work on the conversion issues during the transition period through January 1, 2002. Intel's internal systems that were affected by the initial introduction of the Euro were made Euro capable without material system modification costs. Further internal systems changes are being made during the three-year transition phase in preparation for the ending of bilateral rates in January 2002 and the ultimate withdrawal of the legacy currencies in July 2002. The costs of these changes are not expected to be material. The introduction of the Euro has not materially affected the company's foreign exchange and hedging activities, or the company's use of derivative instruments, and is not expected to result in any material increase in costs to the company. While Intel will continue to evaluate the impact of the ongoing Euro conversion over time, based on currently available information, management does not believe that the Euro conversion will have a material adverse impact on the company's financial condition or overall trends in results of operations.
Intel established a comprehensive program to deal with issues related to the year 2000 computer programming problem. By the end of 1999, all of the company's internal systems categorized as critical, priority or important were determined to be year 2000 capable. To date, there have been no material problems caused by year 2000 issues related to the company's internal systems or non-performance of suppliers.
Intel also established a program to assess the year 2000 capability of its products. The definition of "Year 2000 Capable" is available on Intel's Web site. To assist customers in evaluating their year 2000 issues, the company developed a Web-enabled database indicating the capability of Intel's current branded products and certain branded products no longer being produced. The capabilities of certain non-Intel branded products of certain subsidiaries are posted on the Web sites of those entities.
All Intel processors and microcontrollers (embedded processors) are Year 2000 Capable, with the exception of two custom microcontroller products sold to a limited number of customers. However, the ability of a complete system to operate correctly depends on firmware (BIOS) capability and software design and integration, which for many end users includes firmware and software provided by companies other than Intel.
Except as specifically provided in the limited warranties offered on certain of its current and some discontinued products, the company does not believe it is legally responsible for costs incurred by customers to ensure their year 2000 capability. Nevertheless, the company has incurred various costs to provide customer support and customer satisfaction services regarding year 2000 issues.
The company currently expects that the total cost of these programs will be approximately $100 million. Approximately $96 million has been spent on the programs to date, of which approximately $54 million was incurred in 1999. Costs include estimated payroll costs for redeployed personnel and the costs of consultants, software and hardware upgrades, and dedicated program offices.
No significant internal systems projects were deferred due to year 2000 program efforts. The installation schedule of certain new software and hardware was accelerated to solve year 2000 capability issues, for which related costs were estimated to be an additional amount of approximately $15 million. These estimated costs do not include any potential costs related to customer or other claims.
Based on currently available information, management does not believe that the year 2000 matters discussed above will have a material adverse impact on the company's financial condition or overall trends in results of operations.
The company is currently party to various legal proceedings. Although litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties, management, including internal counsel, does not believe that the ultimate outcome of these legal proceedings will have a material adverse effect on the company's financial position or overall trends in results of operations. However, were an unfavorable ruling to occur in any specific period, there exists the possibility of a material adverse impact on the results of operations of that period. Management believes, given the company's current liquidity and cash and investment balances, that even an adverse judgment would not have a material impact on cash and investments or liquidity.
The company's future results of operations and the other forward-looking statements contained in this outlookin particular the statements regarding expected product introductions, expectations regarding additional acquisitions, intentions regarding building new service businesses around the Internet, the number of computers using Intel processors, gross margin and cost savings, capital spending, depreciation and amortization, research and development, marketing and general and administrative expenses, the tax rate, the conversion to the Euro, the year 2000 issue and pending legal proceedingsinvolve a number of risks and uncertainties. In addition to the factors discussed above, among the other factors that could cause actual results to differ materially are the following: changes in end user demand due to usage of the Internet; changes in customer order patterns; competitive factors such as rival chip architectures and manufacturing technologies, competing software-compatible microprocessors and acceptance of new products in specific market segments; pricing pressures; development and timing of the introduction of compelling software applications; execution of the manufacturing ramp, including the transition to the 0.18-micron process technology; the ability to grow new networking, communications, wireless and other Internet-related businesses and successfully integrate and operate any acquired businesses; unanticipated costs or other adverse effects associated with processors and other products containing errata (deviations from published specifications); impact on the company's business by year 2000 problems and claims; and litigation involving antitrust, intellectual property, consumer and other issues.
Intel believes that it has the product offerings, facilities, personnel, and competitive and financial resources for continued business success, but future revenues, costs, margins and profits are all influenced by a number of factors, including those discussed above, all of which are inherently difficult to forecast.
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