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During 2000 and 1999, sales of microprocessors and related board-level products, including chipsets, based on the P6 micro-architecture (including the Intel® Celeron, Pentium® III and Pentium® III Xeon processors), which are included in the Intel Architecture Group's operations, comprised a substantial majority of our consolidated net revenues and gross margin. For 1998, these products represented a majority of our consolidated net revenues and a substantial majority of gross margin. Sales of Pentium® processors, including Pentium® processors with MMX technology, were rapidly declining but still a significant portion of our revenues and gross margin for 1998. Although the total cost of sales increased by 7% from 1999 to 2000, the cost of sales within the Intel Architecture Group operating segment decreased, primarily due to lower unit costs. The decreased costs were achieved primarily through the continued transition to redesigned microprocessor products with lower cost packaging as well as factory efficiencies. The lower unit costs within the Intel Architecture Group were partially offset by higher costs due to a higher sales volume of microprocessors and the costs recorded in 2000 related to chipsets and motherboards with the defective memory translator hub (MTH) component. Within the "all other" category for segment reporting, higher costs due to higher sales volume of flash and networking and communications products more than offset the decreased costs from the Intel Architecture Group. From 1998 to 1999, cost of sales decreased 2%, primarily due to lower unit costs for microprocessors in 1999 for the Intel Architecture Group operating segment. The lower unit costs were achieved primarily through lower cost packaging for microprocessors, factory efficiencies and lower purchase prices on purchased components. These lower unit costs were partially offset by a higher unit sales volume in 1999. Our total gross margin percentage increased to 62% in 2000, up from 60% in 1999. The improvement in gross margin was primarily a result of the lower unit costs of microprocessors in the Intel Architecture Group, partially offset by the impact of lower average sales prices for microprocessors and the impact of the MTH issue. Improved demand and higher prices for flash memory in 2000 also contributed to the improvement in gross margin. The total gross margin percentage increased to 60% in 1999 from 54% in 1998, primarily due to lower unit costs in the Intel Architecture Group operating segment, partially offset by lower average selling prices. See "Outlook " for a discussion of gross margin expectations.
Excluding charges of $109 million for purchased in-process research and development (IPR&D) related to the current year's acquisitions, $392 million in 1999 and $165 million in 1998, research and development spending increased $786 million, or 25%, in 2000 compared to 1999 and $602 million, or 24%, in 1999 compared to 1998. The increase for both periods was primarily due to increased spending on product development programs, including product development of companies acquired. Marketing, general and administrative expenses increased $1.2 billion, or 31%, in 2000 compared to 1999, primarily due to increases for the Intel Inside® cooperative advertising program; profit-dependent bonus expenses; and marketing, general and administrative expenses from companies acquired. Marketing, general and administrative expenses increased $796 million, or 26%, from 1998 to 1999, primarily due to increases for the Intel Inside cooperative advertising program, merchandising spending related to new product launches and profit-dependent bonus expenses. Amortization of goodwill and other acquisition-related intangibles and costs increased to $1.6 billion in 2000 compared to $411 million in 1999, primarily due to the additional acquisitions and a full year's impact of prior year acquisitions. This amortization increased $355 million from 1998 to 1999, primarily due to the impact of the acquisitions made in 1999. For 2000 and 1999, a substantial majority of this amortization was included in the calculation of the operating loss for the "all other" category for segment reporting purposes. Gains on investments, net increased to $3.8 billion in 2000, including a significant gain on the sale of our holdings of Micron Technology, Inc., compared to $883 million in 1999. For 2000, the gains were net of $297 million in impairment losses taken on investments. For 1999 compared to 1998, gains on investments increased by $698 million.
Interest and other, net increased $409 million from 1999 to 2000. Interest income increased due to higher average investment balances and higher interest rates in 2000 compared to 1999. In addition, we recognized a $117 million gain on our Interactive Media Services business contributed to Convera Corporation in 2000. For 1999 compared to 1998, interest and other, net increased $5 million, primarily due to higher interest income from higher average investment balances. Our effective income tax rate was 30.4% in 2000, 34.9% in 1999 and 33.6% in 1998. Excluding a one-time benefit for the reversal in 2000 of previously accrued taxes, and the impact of non-deductible charges for IPR&D and amortization of goodwill, our effective income tax rate was 31.8% in 2000. Excluding the impact of the non-deductible charges, our effective rate was approximately 33% for both 1999 and 1998. The lower rate in 2000 compared to 1999 and 1998 reflected the impact of the resolution reached with the Internal Revenue Service in 2000 on a number of issues, including adjustments related to the intercompany allocation of profits.
The following table summarizes the significant assumptions underlying the valuations related to IPR&D from major companies acquired at the time of acquisition in fiscal 2000, 1999 and 1998.
Included below are further details regarding the technology acquired in these transactions.
2000 acquisitions
1999 acquisitions In August 1999, we acquired Level One Communications, Inc. Level One provides silicon connectivity, switching and access solutions for high-speed telecommunications and networking applications. Eight IPR&D projects were identified and valued, with each project representing from 5% to 18% of the total IPR&D value. In-process projects included transceivers, routers and switch chipsets using current and emerging technologies for the networking and telecommunications markets. These projects ranged from 39% to 86% complete. Level One's projects have been completed, with the exception of three projects, accounting for 27% of the value assigned to IPR&D, which are now expected to be completed in the first half of 2001. In November 1999, we acquired DSP Communications, Inc. DSP Communications develops and supplies form-fit reference designs, chipsets and software for mobile telephone manufacturers. Four IPR&D projects were identified and valued, with each project representing from 9% to 31% of the total IPR&D value. The in-process projects consisted of enhancements of DSP Communications' existing digital cellular chipsets, new third-generation chipsets and new products designed for use in other emerging wireless personal communications services. These projects ranged from 10% to 90% complete. Significant portions of three projects based on CDMA (code division multiple access), TDMA (time division multiple access) and PDC (personal digital cellular) standards, and accounting for 70% of the value assigned to IPR&D, were cancelled in 2000, with technology development efforts refocused on next-generation standards for these markets. Projects completed in 2000 represented approximately 15% of the value assigned to IPR&D.
1998 acquisitions Failure to deliver new products to the market on a timely basis, or to achieve expected market acceptance or revenue and expense forecasts, could have a significant impact on the financial results and operations of the acquired businesses.
We used $10.0 billion in net cash for investing activities during 2000, compared to $6.2 billion during 1999 and $6.8 billion during 1998. Capital expenditures totaled $6.7 billion in 2000 as we continued to invest in property, plant and equipment, primarily for additional microprocessor manufacturing capacity and the transition of manufacturing technology. During 2000, we also paid $2.3 billion in cash for acquisitions, net of cash acquired, including the purchases of Ambient Technologies, Inc., GIGA, Picazo Communications, Inc., Basis Communications Corporation, Trillium Digital Systems, Inc. and Ziatech Corporation. We also had committed approximately $5.0 billion for the purchase or construction of property, plant and equipment as of December 30, 2000. See "Outlook " for a discussion of capital expenditure expectations in 2001. Inventory levels in total increased in 2000, with raw materials, work-in-process and finished goods inventory all contributing to the increase. For 2000, accounts receivable increased due to higher revenues and reflected a moderate increase in the days' sales outstanding. Our five largest customers accounted for approximately 42% of net revenues for 2000. In 2000, two customers each accounted for 13% of revenues. At December 30, 2000, the five largest customers accounted for approximately 40% of net accounts receivable. We used $3.5 billion in net cash for financing activities in 2000, compared to $4.2 billion and $4.7 billion in 1999 and 1998, respectively. The major financing applications of cash in 2000 were for the repurchase of 73.5 million shares of common stock for $4.0 billion and payment of dividends of $470 million. The major financing applications of cash in 1999 and 1998 were for stock repurchases totaling $4.6 billion and $6.8 billion, respectively, and payments of dividends of $366 million and $217 million, respectively. Financing sources of cash during 2000 were primarily $797 million in proceeds from the sale of shares mainly pursuant to employee stock plans ($543 million in 1999 and $507 million in 1998). Financing sources of cash during 1998 also included $1.6 billion in proceeds from the exercise of the 1998 step-up warrants. At December 30, 2000, marketable strategic equity securities totaled $1.9 billion, with $292 million in net unrealized appreciation made up of $756 million in gross unrealized appreciation and $464 million in gross unrealized depreciation. The total value of the portfolio decreased by $5.2 billion compared to December 25, 1999, and net unrealized appreciation decreased by approximately $5.5 billion, primarily due to sales of appreciated investments and declines in market values. Another source of liquidity is authorized borrowings, including commercial paper, of $3 billion. We also maintain the ability to issue an aggregate of approximately $1.4 billion in debt, equity and other securities under Securities and Exchange Commission shelf registration statements. In January 2001, we announced that we had entered into a definitive agreement to acquire Xircom, Inc. in an all-cash tender offer valued at approximately $748 million, before consideration of any cash acquired. The completion of this transaction is subject to acceptance of this offer by holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of Xircom on a fully diluted basis, other customary conditions and compliance by Xircom with certain financial and business criteria. We believe that we have the financial resources needed to meet business requirements for the next 12 months, including the acquisition of Xircom, capital expenditures for the expansion or upgrading of worldwide manufacturing capacity, working capital requirements and the dividend program.
The primary objective of our investments in debt securities is to preserve principal while maximizing yields, without significantly increasing risk. To achieve this objective, the returns on a substantial majority of our marketable investments in long-term fixed rate debt securities are swapped to U.S. dollar LIBOR-based returns. We considered the historical volatility of the three-month LIBOR rate experienced in the past year and determined that it was reasonably possible that an adverse change of 80 basis points, approximately 12% of the rate at the end of 2000, could be experienced in the near term. A hypothetical 80-basis-point increase in interest rates would result in an approximate $20 million decrease in the fair value of our investments in debt securities as of the end of each of 2000 and 1999. We hedge currency risks of investments denominated in foreign currencies with foreign currency borrowings, currency forward contracts and currency interest rate swaps. Gains and losses on these foreign currency investments would generally be offset by corresponding losses and gains on the related hedging instruments, resulting in negligible net exposure. A substantial majority of our revenue, expense and capital purchasing activities are transacted in U.S. dollars. However, we do enter into these transactions in other currencies, primarily Japanese yen and certain other Asian and European currencies. To protect against reductions in value and the volatility of future cash flows caused by changes in currency exchange rates, we have established revenue, expense and balance sheet hedging programs. Currency forward contracts and currency options are utilized in these hedging programs. Our hedging programs reduce, but do not always entirely eliminate, the impact of currency exchange rate movements. We considered the historical trends in currency exchange rates and determined that it was reasonably possible that adverse changes in exchange rates of 20% for certain Asian and European currencies and 10% for all other currencies could be experienced in the near term. Such an adverse change would result in an adverse impact on income before taxes of less than $20 million as of the end of each of 2000 and 1999. We are exposed to equity price risks on the marketable portion of our portfolio of strategic equity securities. We typically do not attempt to reduce or eliminate our market exposure on these securities. These investments are generally in companies in the high-technology industry, and a substantial majority of the market value of the portfolio is in three sectors: Internet, semiconductor and networking. As of December 30, 2000, five equity positions constituted approximately 40% of the market value of the portfolio, with no individual position exceeding 15% of the portfolio. We analyzed the historical movements over the past several years of high-technology stock indices that we considered appropriate. Based on the analysis, we estimated that it was reasonably possible that the prices of the stocks in our portfolio could experience a 30% adverse change in the near term. Assuming a 30% adverse change, our marketable strategic equity securities would decrease in value by approximately $575 million, based on the value of the portfolio as of December 30, 2000 (a decrease of $2.1 billion in value based on the portfolio as of the end of 1999). The decrease in this hypothetical exposure from 1999 to 2000 reflects the decrease in the size of the portfolio due to sales of investments and declines in market values. The portfolio's concentrations in specific companies or sectors may vary over time and may be different from the compositions of the indices analyzed, and these factors may affect the portfolio's price volatility. This estimate is not necessarily indicative of future performance, and actual results may differ materially.
Our goal is to be the preeminent building block supplier to the worldwide Internet economy. Our primary focus areas are the desktop and mobile platforms, the server platform, and networking and communications, including wireless communications, as well as new business opportunities around the Internet. Our five product-line operating segments support these initiatives. The Intel Architecture Group operating segment supports the desktop, mobile and server platform initiatives. Our strategy for these platforms is to introduce ever-higher performance microprocessors and chipsets, tailored for different market segments of the worldwide computing market, using a tiered branding approach. To further enhance the acceptance and deployment of these products by our customers, we also provide e-Business enabling solutions. In line with our strategy, we seek to develop higher performance microprocessors based on the P6 micro-architecture specifically for each computing segment: the Intel Celeron processor for the value segment; Pentium III processors for home and business applications, and for entry-level servers and workstations; and Pentium III Xeon processors for mid-range and high-end servers and workstations. In the fourth quarter of 2000, we introduced a new generation of microprocessors based on our new Intel® NetBurst micro-architecture under the Pentium® 4 brand name. The Pentium 4 processor is designed for home and business applications, and for entry-level servers and workstations, and is optimized for consumers who want to take advantage of the latest Web technologies such as broadband, interactive 3D and streaming video and audio. In 2000, we shipped thousands of prototype processors based on the IA-64 architecture for high-end servers, under the Itanium brand, and began to ship processors for systems used by information technology end users in pilot installations. We expect the release of production systems during 2001. We plan to cultivate new businesses as well as continue to work with the computing industry to expand Internet capabilities and product offerings, and to develop compelling software applications that can take advantage of higher performance microprocessors and chipsets, thus driving demand toward our newer products in each computing market segment. Our microprocessor products compete with existing and future products in the various computing market segments. We have recently experienced an increase in the competitive product offerings in the performance desktop market segment. We may continue to take various steps, including reducing microprocessor prices and offering rebates at such times as we deem appropriate, in order to increase acceptance of our latest technology and to remain competitive within each relevant market segment. The Wireless Communications and Computing Group operating segment supports our wireless communications initiatives. Our strategy is to deliver flash memory with enhanced features for handheld wireless devices, and faster processors for applications requiring both high performance and low power. During 2000, we introduced the Intel® XScale micro-architecture, building on the Intel® StrongARM* technology, to meet the needs of wireless devices. In the networking and communications infrastructure area, our strategy is to deliver both system-level communications building blocks at various levels of integration, and component-level silicon building blocks for networking and communications systems. The Communications Products Group operating segment supports initiatives to deliver the system-level communications products directed at service providers running e-Business data centers. The Communications Products Group focuses on selling its Intel® NetStructure products to original equipment manufacturer (OEM) customers. The Communications Products Group also provides component-level products for converged voice and data communications systems for the telecommunications industry. The Network Communications Group operating segment supports initiatives to deliver component-level networking products to OEMs building communications systems for home and small and mid-sized businesses. Networking products include network processors, network connectivity products including wireless network cards, embedded control chips and optical networking components. We have made acquisitions and expect to make additional acquisitions to grow the networking and communications area. The New Business Group operating segment supports our initiatives directed toward nurturing and growing business opportunities around the Internet and the PC. The group's current products include Web hosting services and connected peripherals. Although current negative trends in global economic conditions make it particularly difficult to predict product demand, in 2001 we expect continued growth in the total number of computers using processors based on Intel's P6 micro-architecture, and the Pentium 4 processor based on the new Intel NetBurst micro-architecture. In our networking, communications and wireless businesses, we expect revenues to continue to grow faster than in our core Intel Architecture business. However, our financial results are substantially dependent on sales of microprocessors and related components by the Intel Architecture Group. Revenues are partly a function of the mix of microprocessor types and speeds sold as well as the mix of related chipsets, motherboards, purchased components and other semiconductor products, all of which are difficult to forecast. Because of the wide price difference among types of microprocessors, this mix affects the average price that we will realize and has a large impact on our revenues and gross margin. Microprocessor revenues are dependent on the availability of other parts of the system platform, including chipsets, motherboards, operating system software and application software. Our expectations regarding growth in the computing industry worldwide are dependent in part on the growth in usage of the Internet and the expansion of Internet product offerings. The expectations are also subject to the impact of economic conditions in various geographic regions. Our expectations regarding growth in the networking, communications and wireless areas are subject to our ability to acquire businesses as well as to integrate and operate them successfully, and to grow new businesses internally. Our gross margin expectation for 2001 is uncertain at this time; however, during 2001, margin will be negatively affected by rising unit costs from the Pentium 4 processor ramp, related to the larger die size of that processor, and factory startup costs. We expect higher unit costs to be somewhat offset in the second half by increased production and a reduction in overhead costs per unit, assuming the economic situation improves. Our gross margin varies, depending on unit volumes, the mix of types and speeds of processors sold as well as the mix of microprocessors, related chipsets and motherboards, and purchased components. Various other factorsincluding yield issues associated with production at factories, ramp of new technologies, excess or shortage of manufacturing capacity and our ability to forecast demand and optimize the allocation of existing capacity across product lines, the reusability of factory equipment, insufficient or excess inventory, inventory obsolescence, variations in inventory valuation and mix of shipments of other semiconductor and non-semiconductor productswill also continue to affect cost of sales and the variability of gross margin percentages. Our primary goal is to get our advanced technology to the marketplace and at the same time increase gross margin dollars. Our plans to grow in non-microprocessor areas, particularly those areas that have the potential to expand networking and communications capabilities, are intended to increase gross margin dollars but may lower the gross margin percentage. We have expanded our semiconductor manufacturing and assembly and test capacity over the last few years, and we continue to plan capacity based on the assumed continued success of our strategy as well as the acceptance of our products in specific market segments. We expect that capital spending will increase to approximately $7.5 billion in 2001 from $6.7 billion in 2000. The increase is primarily a result of expected spending related to the development and ramp of next-generation 0.13-micron process technology and for 300-millimeter wafer manufacturing. If the market demand does not continue to grow and move rapidly toward higher performance products in the various market segments, revenues and gross margin may be adversely affected, manufacturing capacity could be under-utilized, and we may slow the rate of capital spending. Revenues and gross margin may also be affected if we do not add capacity fast enough to meet market demand. This spending plan is dependent upon expectations regarding production efficiencies and delivery times of various machinery and equipment, and construction schedules for new facilities. Depreciation for 2001 is expected to be approximately $4 billion, compared to $3.2 billion in 2000. Most of this increase would be included in cost of sales and research and development spending. Amortization of goodwill and other acquisition-related intangibles and costs is expected to be approximately $1.9 billion for 2001. The industry in which we operate is characterized by very short product life cycles, and our continued success is dependent on technological advances, including the development and implementation of new processes and new strategic products for specific market segments. Because we consider it imperative to maintain a strong research and development program, spending for research and development in 2001, excluding purchased in-process research and development, is expected to increase to approximately $4.2 billion from $3.9 billion in 2000. The higher spending is primarily for next-generation manufacturing technology and product development. We also intend to continue spending to promote our products and to increase the value of our product brands. In March 2001, we announced that we expect to reduce headcount by approximately 5,000 people over the remainder of 2001, predominantly through attrition. The planned reduction excludes any headcount additions from potential future acquisitions. Given the current equity market conditions, we do not expect the large gains we realized in 2000 on the Intel Capital strategic equity portfolio to recur in 2001. For the first quarter of 2001, we do not expect to realize any net gains on our equity investments. When calculating net gains, we include realized gains and losses on sales or exchanges of securities and any impairment losses that we may recognize. We currently expect our tax rate to be approximately 30.3% for 2001, excluding the impact of costs related to prior and any future acquisitions. This estimate is based on current tax law, the current estimate of earnings and the expected distribution of income among various tax jurisdictions, and is subject to change. During 1998, we established a team to address the issues raised by the introduction of the Single European Currency, the Euro, on January 1, 1999. The team is continuing to work on the conversion issues during the transition period through January 1, 2002. Our internal systems that were affected by the initial introduction of the Euro were made Euro capable without material system modification costs. Further internal systems changes are being made during the three-year transition phase in preparation for the ending of bilateral rates in January 2002 and the ultimate withdrawal of the legacy currencies thereafter. The costs of these changes are not expected to be material. The introduction of the Euro has not materially affected our foreign exchange and hedging activities, or our use of derivative instruments, and is not expected to result in any material increase in costs. While we will continue to evaluate the impact of the ongoing Euro conversion over time, based on currently available information, management does not believe that the Euro conversion will have a material adverse impact on our financial condition or overall trends in results of operations. We are currently party to various legal proceedings. Although litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties, management, including internal counsel, does not believe that the ultimate outcome of these legal proceedings will have a material adverse effect on our financial position or overall trends in results of operations. However, if an unfavorable ruling were to occur in any specific period, there exists the possibility of a material adverse impact on the results of operations of that period. Management believes, given our current liquidity and cash and investment balances, that even an adverse judgment would not have a material impact on cash and investments or liquidity. Our future results of operations and the other forward-looking statements contained in this outlook involve a number of risks and uncertaintiesin particular the statements regarding our goals and strategies, expected product introductions, expectations regarding additional acquisitions, intentions regarding building new businesses around the Internet, the number of computers using Intel processors, gross margin and costs, capital spending, depreciation and amortization, research and development expenses, headcount reduction expectations, the tax rate, the conversion to the Euro and pending legal proceedings. In addition to the factors discussed above, among the other factors that could cause actual results to differ materially are the following: business and economic conditions and growth in the computing industry in various geographic regions; changes in end user demand due to use of the Internet; changes in customer order patterns; competitive factors such as rival chip architectures and manufacturing technologies, competing software-compatible microprocessors and acceptance of new products in specific market segments; pricing pressures; development and timing of the introduction of compelling software applications; continued success in technological advances, including development and implementation of new processes and strategic products for specific market segments; execution of the manufacturing ramp, including the ramp of the Pentium 4 processor; the ability to grow new networking, communications, wireless and other Internet-related businesses and successfully integrate and operate any acquired businesses; impact of events outside the United States, such as the business impact of fluctuating currency rates or unrest or political instability in a locale, such as unrest in Israel; unanticipated costs or other adverse effects associated with processors and other products containing errata (deviations from published specifications); and litigation involving antitrust, intellectual property, consumer and other issues. We believe that we have the product offerings, facilities, personnel, and competitive and financial resources for continued business success, but future revenues, costs, margins and profits are all influenced by a number of factors, including those discussed above, all of which are inherently difficult to forecast. |
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* Legal Information © 2002 Intel Corporation Content published April 11, 2001. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||