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Products
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Performance |
Power and System Management |
Architecture |
Intel486™ SX Processor |
IntelDX2™ Processor and IntelDX4™ Processor |
Development Tools
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The Intel486™ SX, IntelDX2™ and IntelDX4™ processors are designed into a wide variety of applications in the embedded market segment. Application examples include terminals, embedded PC boards, industrial control systems, scanners, medical instrumentation. Intel386™ processor customers can also take advantage of the Intel486 processors as a means of extending the performance breadth for embedded systems. |
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The SL Enhanced Intel486 SX processors bring high levels of performance to lower-cost, entry-level, embedded Intel486 processor designs. Significant architectural enhancements including on-chip cache provide performance while maintaining code compatibility. |
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The SL Enhanced IntelDX2 and IntelDX4 processors bring even higher levels of performance. The IntelDX2 and IntelDX4 processor performance levels are sustained by such features as internal clock speed-doubling/tripling technology, on-chip cache, and on-chip floating point unit. |
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The SL Technology features in the SL Enhanced Intel486 processors allow system designers to build intelligent power-management capabilities into hardware, making these capabilities independent of application software. Power-management becomes an integral part of the system, regardless of what operating system or application is used. Power-management is improved because SL Technology protects the power-management features from conflicting with other software. |
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The SL Enhanced Intel486 SX, IntelDX2 and IntelDX4 processors are part of the Intel Architecture embedded processor family. The family includes the 80C186XL/80C188XL, 80C186EA/80C188EA, 80C186EB/80C188EB, 80C186EC/80C188EC, 80386SX, 80386DX, 80386SXSA, 80386EX, and the SL Enhanced Intel486 processor family. |
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The SL Enhanced Intel486 processors implement a full 32-bit architecture. The integer unit uses RISC design techniques to provide single clock cycle execution of common instructions and general purpose registers for manipulating 32-bit addresses and data. The eight Kbyte on-chip code and data cache maintains the one clock per instruction execution rate. The 106 Mbyte/sec burst bus at 33 MHz maintains system throughput even with inexpensive DRAMs. The RISC integer unit, cache, memory management unit with paging--all are integrated on-chip to reduce inter-chip communication delays. |
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The SL Enhanced IntelDX2 and IntelDX4 processors have been optimized for performance. Using Intel's speed-doubling and speed-tripling technology, the processor and cache operate at twice or three times the speed of the external memory bus, respectively. This delivers increased CPU performance for systems utilizing today's low-cost design technology. |
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All Intel486 processors provide a rich instruction set for manipulating integer and floating point data. Special emphasis has been placed on providing optimized instructions for high-level languages and operating system functions. Multiple addressing modes ensure that high-level languages can be implemented in the most efficient manner possible. The integrated memory management unit supports virtual memory and demand paging. Intel486 processors are capable of addressing up to 4 gigabytes of physical memory and 64 terabytes of virtual memory. The on-chip translation lookaside buffer supports efficient paging. |
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Intel486 processors provide support for multiprocessing systems. Special instructions support memory-based semaphores. Hardware-enforced cache line invalidations maintain consistency among multiple caches. Support for multilevel caches reduces bus utilization, allowing multiple Intel486 processors to share a single memory bus. |
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Intel's SL Technology consists of a number of microprocessor features that deliver superior power management capabilities. These features operate at two levels: at the system level, controlling the way power is used by the entire system (including peripherals); and at the microprocessor level. Power management at these levels involves putting the CPU into low-power state during non-CPU intensive tasks (such as word processing), or into a very low-power state when the computer is not in use ("sleep" mode). |
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The Intel486 processor brings the efficient Intel SL Technology to the embedded market segment. SL Technology includes the following features: static design, Stop Clock, Auto Halt Power Down, Auto Idle Power Down, I/O Restart and Intel System Management Mode (SMM). |
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SL Enhanced Intel486 processors incorporate power-saving technology at the CPU level. One of the SL Technology features used to manage the power consumption of the CPU is Stop Clock. Stop Clock is a microprocessor input that provides fine-tuned control over the CPU's clock frequency enabling a variety of energy-conservation techniques. |
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The fully static design allows the CPU's input clock to stop. When this happens, the CPU will maintain its state while consuming extremely low power. The Stop Clock mechanism provides two low-power states: a "fast wake-up", Stop Grant state, and a "slow wake-up", Stop Clock state with CLK frequency at 0 MHz. Stop Grant is the hardware and software mechanism that is used to operate the internal CPU core in a low-power state. The processor typically consumes only 175-225 mWatt for the 5V processors, and 76-82 mWatt for the 3.3V processors. While in the Stop Grant state, the CPU external clock frequency can be changed, either to operate at a different frequency or stop the input clock. If the input clock is stopped, the CPU is in the Stop Clock state, lowering power consumption to the 300-1000 micro-amp range. The ability of Stop Clock to vary clock input and CPU speed results in dramatic power savings. |
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Another approach to CPU power management involves the Auto Halt feature. In SL Enhanced Intel486 processors, when HALT is executed (stopping the CPU from executing further instructions) the CPU automatically enters its low-power (76-225 mWatt) idle mode. This software approach to invoking sleep mode provides higher power savings. |
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Auto Idle Power Down is a feature for SL Enhanced IntelDX2 and IntelDX4 processors. Auto Idle causes the IntelDX2 and IntelDX4 processors to operate in a non-speed-doubled/tripled mode when it is idle during a memory cycle, waiting for I/O or memory to respond. For example, a 66 MHz IntelDX2 or 100MHz IntelDX4 processor would operate at 33 MHz when idle, consuming about 35-50% less power when in this state, during disk activity, without affecting the system's performance. |
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Intel's System Management Mode (SMM) provides the system designer with means of building software-controlled features into a system at the hardware/firmware level, making them transparent to operating system and application software. The SMM architecture includes the following elements: |
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 | System Management Interrupt (SMI#) for hardware interfacing | |
| Dedicated and protected memory space (SMRAM) for SMI handler code and CPU state data with a status signal (SMIACT#) for the system to decode access to the memory space | |
| New instruction, RESUME (RSM), for exiting the System Management Mode | |
| Distinct and consistent SMM operating mode | |
| I/O Restart, for transparent power management of I/O peripherals | |
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The SL Enhanced Intel486 processors are available in 3.3V and 5V versions. The 3.3V versions provide 50% power savings over the 5V versions. The combination of SL Enhanced features, SMM modes and a 3.3V operation can result in decreased power consumption, lower heat dissipation, and reduced noise.
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The Intel486 SX, IntelDX2 and IntelDX4 processors are binary compatible with the previous members of the Intel Architecture family as well as the entire Intel486 product family. The following is a summary of features for the Intel486 processors. |
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| Complete 32-Bit RISC integer core 8 Kbyte On-Chip Unified Code and Data Cache Single cycle instruction execution 33 MHz Clock Frequency at 5V and 3.3V Burst data bus | |
| 106 Mbyte/sec Burst Bus Cycle at 33 MHz | |
| SL Technology for Intelligent Power-Management Capabilities | |
| Static Design | |
| Stop Clock, Auto Halt Power Down, I/O Restart | |
| System Management Mode (SMM) | |
| 32-Bit External Data bus Address Range | |
| 4 Gigabytes of Physical Memory | |
| 64 Terabytes of Virtual Memory Binary compatible with operating systems such as MS-DOS and standard windowing environments JTAG Boundary Scan 198-lead PQFP (Plastic Quad Flat Pack) supports 5V ± 0.25V at 33 MHz | |
| 208-lead SQFP (Shrink Quad Flat Pack) supports 3.3V ±0.3V at 33 MHz | |
| PB free package | |
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| Complete 32-Bit RISC integer core | |
| 8 Kbyte On-Chip Unified Code and Data Cache | |
| On-Chip Floating-Point Unit Single cycle instruction execution | |
| Burst data bus 80 Mbyte/sec transfer at 25 Mhz | |
| 106 Mbyte/sec at 33 MHz | |
| SL Technology for Intelligent Power-Management Capabilities | |
| Static Design | |
| Stop Clock, Auto Halt Power Down, Auto Idle Power Down, I/O Restart | |
| System Management Mode (SMM) | |
| IntelDX2 processor speed doubling frequencies: | |
| 66 MHz core speed using 33MHz bus clock at 5Vcc | |
| 50 MHz core speed using 25MHz bus clock at 3.3Vcc | |
| IntelDX4 processor speed tripling frequencies*: | |
| 100 MHz core speed using 33MHz bus clock at 3.3Vcc**
*The IntelDX4 processor supports both speed-doubling and speed-tripling
**The IntelDX4 processor also features 5V tolerant I/O buffers | |
| 32-Bit External Data bus Address Range | |
| 4 Gigabytes of Physical Memory | |
| 64 Terabytes of Virtual Memory Binary compatible with operating systems such as MS-DOS and standard windowing environments JTAG Boundary Scan | |
| PB free package | |
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| IntelDX2 processor | |
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| 168-pin PGA (Pin Grid Array) supports 5Vcc ± 0.25V at 66MHz | |
| 208-lead SQFP supports 3.3Vcc ±0.3V at 50Mhz | |
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| IntelDX4 processor | |
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| 168-pin PGA (Pin Grid Array) supports 3.3Vcc ± 0.3V at 100MHz | |
| 208-lead SQFP supports 3.3Vcc ±0.3V at 100Mhz | |
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Intel 186/386/486 CPU's development tools are readily available from Intel and from qualified Third Party Vendors. These hardware and software tools combine together to make an impressive portfolio for meeting your embedded system requirements. |
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